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Wireless Networking for the Smart Grid

Explore the Tropos wireless networking solutions for Smart Grid applications, including high-reliability mesh routers, cognitive radio techniques, and optimal technology mixes for efficient deployment.

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Wireless Networking for the Smart Grid

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  1. Wireless Networking for the Smart Grid Narasimha Chari Chief Technology Officer

  2. About Tropos • Technology and products company • Outdoor mesh routers and network management software • 800+ customers in 50 countries • 40+ patents • Founded in 2000 • Headquarters in Sunnyvale, CA

  3. Smart Grid requires broadband communications Demand Response Renewable Integration Automated Metering SMART GRID Distribution Automation and Control Field Data Applications Outage Management Power Quality and Planning PHEV Management

  4. Smart Grid bandwidth needs growing • Other applications representing higher traffic include: • Substation Video • PHEV Station • Mobile GIS • AVL • …and more in the future

  5. Tiered view of Smart Grid communications

  6. Tropos architecture components • Wireless IP Mesh Routers • PTMP and PTP Radio Systems • Centralized Wireless Network Management

  7. GridCom: Distribution-Area Network

  8. Distribution Area Network requirements • Availability • Survivability • Coverage • Performance: Bandwidth & latency • QoS • Security • Manageability • Interoperability

  9. Reliability challenges at utility-scale • Very large service territories • Mix of urban, suburban and rural areas • Diverse application mix with different requirements • Stringent requirements • Mission-critical apps need very high availability networks (4 or 5 9's) • Need for highly survivable networks to aid in service restoration following outages • Sub-cycle latencies (<20ms) for DA • Most utilities do not own licensed spectrum • Wireless is hard

  10. Techniques for high-reliability wireless • Hardware • High-performance radios • Ruggedized outdoor-optimized hardware • Backup power options • MIMO techniques • Architecture • Resilient mesh architecture (path and route diversity) • Opportunistic use of multiple bands (frequency band diversity)  • Distributed channel coordination (channel diversity) • Combination of mesh and PTMP topologies • Fault detection and isolation • Cognitive radio techniques • Adaptive modulation • Transmit power control • Adaptive noise immunity

  11. High Reliability Mesh Routers • Reliable • Self organizing fully redundant mesh • >99.99% system availability • -40ºC to 55ºC operating range • IP67 weather tight (NEMA 6+) • Available battery backup • IEEE 1613 compliant • Secure • Multi-layer security – 802.1x, IPSec, AES • FIPS 140-2 certified • Manageable • Monitoring, configuration, upgrades, fault management, security • Multiple Applications • High bandwidth: up to 15Mbps • Low latency: 3-5ms per hop • Application QoS: 802.11e, 802.1p, VLANs

  12. Mesh architecture Tropos mesh software leverages redundant paths, channels, frequencies, and backhaul locations to create the most robust network possible

  13. Cognitive Radio Techniques for High Reliability • Mesh architecture: inherently capable of routing around interference through leveraging path diversity • Multi-band radio technologies can efficiently and adaptively exploit multiple frequency bands, with failover and load-balancing between them (e.g., dual-mode 2.4/5 GHz) • Dynamic frequency selection: ability to detect interference or elevated noise levels and dynamically switch channels • Transmit power control and adaptive modulation: techniques for adapting radio transmission parameters in real-time to maintain link reliability

  14. Private Network Architectures: Mesh and PTMP

  15. PTMP and Mesh are Complementary • PTMP and Mesh are complementary technologies for the DAN layer • PTMP is very cost-effective rural deployments • PTMP is suitable for mesh capacity injection in denser areas, especially where there isn’t utility-owned fiber • Mesh is well-suited for urban/suburban areas providing resilience and higher capacity • Optimal combination of Mesh and PTMP leverages the strengths of both • Mesh extends coverage range of PTMP and improves reliability • Architectural resilience through mesh failover capabilities • Unification of mesh and PTMP components through Tropos Control • Combined deployment achieves • Economics optimized for mix of urban/suburban/rural areas • Meets requirements for multiple DAN applications

  16. What Optimal Technology Mix Looks Like Data Center(s) Tropos Control Tier 1 / Tier 2 Microwave Fiber Spur Tropos Gateway (GW) Routers Installed at Tier 1 Core Sites Tier 1 Topology Implemented with Path Diversity Where Possible Tier 1: Fiber (SONET, GigE),Microwave, MPLS Core Tropos Node (ND) Routers Distribute Tier 2 Capacity Across Urban/Suburban Service Areas GW GW GW Smart Grid Devices Connect via Wired or Wireless Ethernet to Tropos Mesh Nodes Rural Subscribers Served via P2MP Mesh Used in Rural to Overcome P2MP Propagation Obstacles P2MP Demarc to Mesh Gateways Dense Urban Urban Decreasing Mesh Density Transition to WiMAX/P2MP/LTE Tier 3 (NAN) Suburban Rural / Ultra Rural Tier 4 (HAN)

  17. Thank you!

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