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Sample Problem 3.1 Writing Chemical Symbols

Sample Problem 3.1 Writing Chemical Symbols. What are the chemical symbols for the following elements? a. nickel b. nitrogen c. neon. Solution. a. Ni b. N c. Ne Study Check 3.1 What are the chemical symbols for the elements silicon, sulfur, and silver?.

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Sample Problem 3.1 Writing Chemical Symbols

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  1. Sample Problem 3.1Writing Chemical Symbols What are the chemical symbols for the following elements? a. nickel b. nitrogen c. neon Solution a. Ni b. N c. Ne Study Check 3.1 What are the chemical symbols for the elements silicon, sulfur, and silver?

  2. Sample Problem 3.2Names and Symbols of Chemical Elements Give the name of the element that corresponds to each of the following chemical symbols: a. Zn b. K c. H d. Fe Solution a. zinc b. potassium c. hydrogen d. iron Study Check 3.2 What are the names of the elements with the chemical symbols Mg, Al, and F?

  3. Sample Problem 3.3 Group and Period Numbers of Some Elements Give the period and group for each of the following elements and identify as a representative or transition element: a. iodine b. manganese c. barium d. gold Solution a. Iodine (I), Period 5, Group 7A (17), is a representative element. b. Manganese (Mn), Period 4, Group 7B (7), is a transition element. c. Barium (Ba), Period 6, Group 2A (2), is a representative element. d. Gold (Au), Period 6, Group 1B (11), is a transition element. Study Check 3.3 Strontium is an element that gives a brilliant red color to fireworks. a. In what group is strontium found? b. In what chemical family is strontium found? c. In what period is strontium found? d. What are the name and symbol of the element in Period 3 that is in the same group as strontium? e. What alkali metal, halogen, and noble gas are in the same period as strontium?

  4. Sample Problem 3.4 Metals, Nonmetals or Metalloids Use the periodic table to classify each of the following elements by its group and period, group name (if any), and as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid: a. Na b. I c. B Solution a. Na (sodium), Group 1A (1), Period 3, is an alkali metal. b. I (iodine), Group 7A (17), Period 5, halogen, is a nonmetal. c. B (boron), Group 3A (13), Period 2, is a metalloid. Study Check 3.4 Give the name and symbol of the following elements: a. Group 5A (15), Period 4 b. A noble gas in Period 3 c. A metalloid in Period 3

  5. Sample Problem 3.5 Identifying Subatomic Particles Identify the subatomic particle that has the following characteristics: a. no charge b. a mass of 0.000 55 amu c. a mass about the same as a neutron Solution a. neutron b. electron c. proton Study Check 3.5 Is the following statement true or false? The nucleus occupies a large volume in an atom.

  6. Sample Problem 3.6 Using Atomic Numbers to Find the Number of Protons and Electrons Using the periodic table in Figure 3.1, state the atomic number, number of protons, and number of electrons for an atom of each of the following elements: a. nitrogen b. magnesium c. bromine Solution a. atomic number 7; 7 protons and 7 electrons b. atomic number 12; 12 protons and 12 electrons c. atomic number 35; 35 protons and 35 electrons Study Check 3.6 Consider an atom that has 79 electrons. a. How many protons are in its nucleus? b. What is its atomic number? c. What is its name, and what is its symbol?

  7. Sample Problem 3.7 Calculating Numbers of Protons, Neutrons and Electrons For an atom of zinc that has a mass number of 68, determine the following: a. the number of protons b. the number of neutrons c. the number of electrons Solution a. Zinc (Zn), with an atomic number of 30, has 30 protons. b. The number of neutrons in this atom is found by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number. Mass number – atomic number = number of neutrons c. Because the zinc atom is neutral, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons. A zinc atom has 30 electrons. Study Check 3.7 How many neutrons are in the nucleus of a bromine atom that has a mass number of 80? 68 – 30 = 38

  8. Sample Problem 3.8 Identifying Protons and Neutrons in Isotopes State the number of protons and neutrons for each of the following isotopes of neon (Ne): a. b. c. Solution The atomic number of Ne is 10, which means that the nucleus of each isotope has 10 protons. The number of neutrons in each isotope is found by subtracting the atomic number (10) from each of their mass numbers. a. 10 protons; 10 neutrons (20 – 10) b. 10 protons; 11 neutrons (21 – 10) c. 10 protons; 12 neutrons (22 – 10) Study Check 3.8 Write an atomic symbol for each of the following: a. a nitrogen atom with 8 neutrons b. an atom with 20 protons and 22 neutrons c. an atom with mass number 27 and 14 neutrons

  9. Sample Problem 3.9 Calculating Atomic Mass Using Table 3.7, calculate the atomic mass for magnesium using the weighted average mass method. Solution 10 5 11 5

  10. Sample Problem 3.9 Calculating Atomic Mass Continued Study Check 3.9 There are two naturally occurring isotopes of boron. The isotope B has a mass of 10.01 amu with an abundance of 19.80%, and the isotope B has a mass of 11.01 amu with an abundance of 80.20%. What is the atomic mass of boron? 105 11 5

  11. Sample Problem 3.10 Writing Electron Arrangments Write the electron arrangement for each of the following: a. oxygen b. chlorine Solution a. Oxygen with atomic number 8, has eight electrons, which are arranged with two electrons in energy level 1 and six electrons in energy level 2. 2,6 b. Chlorine with atomic number 17, has 17 electrons, which are arranged with 2 electrons in energy level 1, 8 electrons in energy level 2, and 7 electrons in energy level 3. 2,8,7 Study Check 3.10 What element has an electron arrangement of 2,8,5?

  12. Sample Problem 3.11 Using Group Numbers Using the periodic table, write the group number and the number of valence electrons for each of the following elements: a. cesium b. iodine Solution a. Cesium (Cs) is in Group 1A (1); cesium has one valence electron. b. Iodine (I) is in Group 7A (17); iodine has seven valence electrons. Study Check 3.11 What is the group number of elements with atoms that have five valence electrons?

  13. Sample Problem 3.12 Writing Electron-Dot Symbols Write the electron-dot symbol for each of the following: a. bromine b. aluminum Solution a. Because the group number for bromine is 7A (17), bromine has seven valence electrons, which are drawn as seven dots, three pairs and one single dot, around the symbol Br. b. Aluminum, in Group 3A (13), has three valence electrons, which are shown as three single dots around the symbol Al. Study Check 3.12 What is the electron-dot symbol for phosphorus?

  14. Sample Problem 3.13 Ionization Energy Indicate the element in each group that has the higher ionization energy and explain your choice. a. K or Na b. Mg or Cl c. F, N, or C Solution a. Na. In Na, the valence electron is closer to the nucleus. b. Cl. Attraction for the valence electrons increases going from left to right across a period. c. F. Attraction for the valence electrons increases going from left to right across a period. Study Check 3.13 Arrange Sn, Sr, and I in order of increasing ionization energy.

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