Grafting & Budding

1. Grafting & Budding

2. Definitions • Grafting- a form of vegetative propagation creating a (union) between a desired ornamental or fruit tree stick (scion) to a desired root stock. Scion Scion Union Union Root Stock Root Stock

3. Budding-the vegetative propagation process that attaches a desired fruit or ornamental bud to the trunk of a hardy rootstock. BUD Bud Union Root Stock

4. Scion- Desirable ornamental or fruit stick. • Root Stock- A hardy portion of the plant that can survive the local conditions. • Union- The point of contact between the scion and root stock where by tissues unit and proper function is re-established.

5. Why Do We Graft & Bud Trees? • Introduction: • This is the fastest form of reproduction of desirable trees that add either fruit, nuts, ornamental beauty to our landscapes. • 95% of all deciduous trees are budded. • 25% of all fruit trees are grafted after 25-30 years of production. • Without grafting or budding 80% of all fruit, nut and ornamental trees could not be grown in the diversity of environments in the world.

6. Budding- is the main form of vegetative reproduction of deciduous trees. • The reason for budding: • Fast form of propagation(takes 10-11 months to complete) • Requires only individual buds to attach to each established root stock. • Highest success rates for the diversity of plant materials used. • Relatively low in cost to execute.

7. Grafting- is the form of vegetative reproduction of deciduous trees that is used to dwarf, invigorate, repair or improve defects. • The reason for grafting: • Used to invigorate established fruit trees by adding new varieties to an established root stock. • Repairs damage by mice, rabbits, and humans to the roots and bark of trees. • Improves structural defects of trees. • Is used to dwarf desired plant material.

8. Unit 2 Morphology • The purpose of this unit is to give understanding and clarity to the parts and external structures and their functions. • Learning Outcomes: • Students should be able to: • Identify the external parts of the tree and recall their functions. • Locate the structures of a tree.

9. Introduction: • Before people can graft or bud they must be able to locate the major structures and tissues of the plant (morphology) and understand their function (physiology). • Most grafts or budded materials fail because of poor cambium contact. This is largely due to the lack of knowledge of location

10. External Structure of a Tree • Roots • Suckers • Laterals • Sinkers • Root Hairs • Tap Root • Stem • Water Sprouts • Central Leader • Scaffolds • Laterals • Lenticels • Fruit Spurs • Buds • Terminal • Lateral • Pseudo-Terminal • Adventitious

11. Roots • Tap Root-Major root growing downward • Usually pruned off in nursery to form fibrous roots for better survival. • Lateral Root-roots that extend outward. • Found in the top 0-6 inches of soil. • Has greatest concentration of root hairs and storage of water & nutrients. • Root Hairs-hairs found on root surfaces. • Function for 12-24hrs • Solely responsible for water & nutrient uptake. • Sinker roots-Downward growing roots from laterals • Used to anchor trees from strong winds. • Some water & nutrient storage. • Suckers-Stems that come from the root stock. • Not desirable for fruit or ornamental uses. • Usually the result of injury to tree below the union.

12. Roots Root Hair Lateral Suckers Tap Sinker

13. Stems • Central Leader-The major trunk of the tree that scaffolds develop off of. • Scaffolds- Major limbs that project off of the central leader and support lateral branches. • Laterals-Are the branches that develop off of scaffolds to support buds. • Water Sprouts-Are shoots that arise from adventitious buds after pruning. • Occur above the union. • Are the preferred wood to make bud sticks or to graft with. • Lenticels- ports on a stem that allow exchange of moisture and gases. • Fruit Spurs- A modified part of a stem that produces fruit. • Takes 3 years to produced. • Is identified by it’s distinctive rings. • Internodes- The distance Between nodes. • Node-Is a site of pooled cambium that can be stimulated to form buds or roots.

14. Lateral Central Leader Scaffold

15. Rings Fruit Spur Water Sprouts

16. Node A Bud Arising From A Node

17. Internodes Lenticels

18. Buds • Buds are organs of the plant that can be stimulated by light, temperature, and internal chemicals (phyto-hormones) to become: • Shoots, Leaves, or Flowers • Lateral Buds-Buds that are below the terminal buds. • Terminal Bud-Is the dominate bud of the stem. It produces high quantities of phytohormones that suppress the development of buds below it. • Pseudo-Terminal Bud-The next bud that assumes the role of the terminal bud. • Adventitious Bud- A bud that arises from a hidden node under the bark of the tree. • These show up after heavy pruning or damage to the tree. • Phyto-hormones –Chemicals found at node sites that either stimulate or retard plant growth.

19. Terminal Bud Lateral Bud

20. Terminal Bud If Terminal Bud is Removed Lateral Bud Pseudo-Terminal Bud

21. Unit 3 Physiology • The purpose of this unit is to give understanding and clarity to the tissues and internal structures and their functions of a stem. • Learning Outcomes: • Students should be able to: • Identify the internal tissues of the tree and recall their functions and application to budding and grafting. • Locate the tissues of a tree.

22. Internal Tissues of the Stem • Epidermis • Cortex • Phloem • Cambium • (meristem) • Xylem • Sapwood • Heartwood

23. Bark- Outer layer that comprises epidermis, cortex, and phloem tissues. • Epidermis-Outer protective layer • Prevents drying out of internal tissues • A physical barrier to pests and the environment. • Cortex Tissue- a multi purpose tissue that can: • Store food • Generate cells to form tissues (meristem) • Phloem- Food transport tissue • Only operates in a downward position. • Cambium-A stem circled meristem layer that is 4 to 6 cell thick that generates non-specialized cells to become all other tissues. • These generated cells are specialized by phyto-hormones produced in the node sites just below the buds. • This tissue is located between the bark and xylem tissue. • Xylem- is water & nutrient carrying tissues. • They only function upward by osmosis. • Types • Sapwood- Active transport tissue. • Heartwood- Highly strengthened xylem that is not functioning in a transportation mode.

24. Bark Cambium Xylem

25. Cortex Phloem Annual Ring (Xylem) Epidermis Epidermis

26. Unit 4 Grafting & Budding Tools Grafting Cleft Budding/Grafting Knife Budding Tape

27. Unit 5 Grafting /Budding Techniques‘ andTiming • Requirements for Budding • Timing • Late July through Early September • Plants must be in the same Genus and Species. • Example: apples budded to apples. • Collection of bud sticks • They must be fresh or collected and stored in water held at 40-48 degrees F. • Proper Tools & Supplies • Budding or Grafting Knife • Budding Tape or Bands

28. Knowledge of Plant Tissue Location • Correct Procedure • Attach bud on North side of tree (to prevent desiccation ) • 2-4” above soil line • Make a “T” incision in bark to the cambium layer. • Cut a bud from bud stick. (avoid hand contact to tissue side of bud). • Insert bud into “T” incision making sure the bud is facing the correct direction. • Carefully cut the top portion of the bud with the cross portion of the “T” • Secure bud to trunk with bud tape or band. • Observe bud breaking in Spring. Cut off root stock above breaking bud (45 degree angle).

29. Make T Cut Cut 1 (1/2”) Cut 2 ¾”-1” North side of root stock • This cut is made on the North side of the root stock 2-4” above the root stock. • This is done in Mid-July through the 1st week in September. • The cut is made down to the cambium.

30. Make sure bud stick is facing up. Proceed to cut underneath bud the same length as cut # 2 in prior slide ¾”-1”. • Be sure not to touch tissue side of buds with the oils of your fingers. (the bud may not work)

31. T-Bud Cut and Insertion complete. • Notice that the top of the bud has been cut even with the horizontal cut. • The top and bottom will be taped or banded to have intimate contact of tissues. Straight cut after insertion

32. Summer T- Bud Graft Removal of Root Stock Leader. New Budded Variety Takes Over. Following Spring Bud Break 45 Degree Cut

33. Requirements for Grafting • Select desired scion wood from water sprouts. • Acquire sharp knife & grafting wax. • Match scion to branch diameter. • Make scion 3”-5” long • Make cuts on scion and root stock. • Attach and cover with wax.

34. Flat Cut Buds • Select Scion wood • Match diameter to root stock • Cut top of scion straight. • You should have a minimum of 2 buds. • Cut bottom of scion 1”-1”-11/2” slanted cut • Make a notch cut just below pith back towards top of scion ½”-3/4” long. Notch Cut Slanted cut Notch cut Below pith

35. Waxed Stem Thickness Straight Stem Waxed • Notice the thickness of each stem. • A successful whip and tongue graft has a straight stem when finished. • The tip of the scion & the union of the graft is covered with grafting wax.

36. Completed Whip & Tongue Graft

37. Other Grafts • Cleft Graft- used to rejuvenate an established fruit tree. • Bark Graft-Used to repair damaged stems

38. Grafting Failure Scion Union Root Stock Scion Wider Than Root Stock At Union