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PENGANTAR ERGONOMI

PENGANTAR ERGONOMI. ERWIN DYAH N. ASAL KATA. ERGOS = KERJA NOMOS = PERATURAN KERJA, ATURAN, KEBIASAAN KERJA. Fakta . Tahun 1993  > 50% klaim kompensasi di Washington State Fund akibat WMSDs ( sprains, strains, nerve compression, and joint inflammation) .

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PENGANTAR ERGONOMI

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  1. PENGANTAR ERGONOMI ERWIN DYAH N

  2. ASAL KATA • ERGOS = KERJA • NOMOS = PERATURAN KERJA, ATURAN, KEBIASAAN KERJA

  3. Fakta • Tahun 1993  > 50% klaim kompensasi di Washington State Fund akibat WMSDs ( sprains, strains, nerve compression, and joint inflammation)

  4. Biaya langsung dan tak langsung WMSDs • Biaya langsung (pengobatan, absen) > $100 juta • Biaya tak langsung : • investigation time, • decreased production, • training and hiring replacement workers. • Sulit dihitung • Diperkirakan 2-5 kali biaya langsung

  5. Tujuan Program Ergonomi • prevent injuries • manage injuries if they occur • save company money, • increase worker comfort and safety, • decrease injuries & workers' compensation claims and, • increase productivity(quantity &quality) • Increase worker’s morale

  6. Bukti Manfaat Ergonomi • In a shop where aircraft interiors are installed, engineering controls and work practice changes increased productivity 10-15 percent, which translated into a benefit of more than $200,000. • Changes made to a work process at a wire installation shop reduced stressful body posture and lowered the assembly time from eight to six and a half hours.

  7. Komponen progran ergonomi •  Identifying musculoskeletal symptoms and their associated risk factors. • Making changes to jobs to eliminate the risk factors. • Preventing injuries and keeping those that occur from becoming disabling. • Training employees on all of the above.

  8. 4 elements of an ergonomics program • Worksite analysis • Hazard preventio n and control • Medical management • Training and education

  9. Worksite analysis • a safety and health review that identifies jobs and workstations that may contain musculoskeletal hazards, the risk factors that pose the hazards, and the causes of the risk factors.

  10. Hazard prevention and control: • eliminating or minimizing the hazards identified in the worksite analysis by changing the jobs, workstations, tools or environment to fit the worker.

  11. Medical management: • the effective use of available health-care resources to prevent or manage work-related musculoskeletal disorders.

  12. Training and education • a method to give both workers and managers an understanding of the potential risk of injuries, their causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment.

  13. ERGONOMICS TEAM MEMBERS Small business: • workers/union representatives • managers/supervisors • maintenance or facilities staff • safety and health personnel • purchasing personnel

  14. ERGONOMICS TEAM MEMBERS • Large business: • engineers • human resources personnel • health care providers • ergonomist • all listed under small business

  15. ERGONOMICS TEAM MEMBERS • Di Indonesia  >> dikerjakan oleh K3 • Di perusahaan yg > kecil 1 orang yg menjalankan program • Ex: supervisor  tg jwb dlm pembelian adanya ergonomic awareness membantu perkakas/alat kerja yang ergonomis

  16. Ergonomi • Pada dasarnya bukanlah suatu disiplin ilmu • > merupakan teknik gabungan beberapa disiplin ilmu untuk memecahkan masalah yang timbul akibat pekerjaan dan lingkungan kerja.

  17. PENGERTIAN • Penerapan ilmu biologi manusia dalam hubungannya dengan ilmu teknik untuk memperoleh hasil optimal dalam pengaturan manusia dan pekerjaannya dengan keuntungan berupa efisiensi dan kesejahteraan (ILO) • Studiilmiahttgpekerj. manusia (the scientific study of human work)

  18. Fokus Perhatian Ergonomi • kapabilitas fisik dan mental • keterbatasan pekerja saat berinteraksi dg perkakas & alat kerja • metode kerja • pekerjaan • lingkungan kerja.

  19. Tujuan Ergonomi • Mengurangi WMSDs dengan menyesuaikan pekerjaan dengan pekerja, bukan sebaliknya (agar pekerja menyesuaikan terhadap pekeraannya).

  20. Bidang Ilmu Yang Mendasari • Lihat skema

  21. WMSDS & ERGONOMIC RISK ASSESSMENT

  22. WMSDs? Work-related Musculo Skeletal Disorders

  23. Injuries and risk factors • What are Work-related Musculo Skeletal Disorders (WMSDs)? • Common types and symptoms of injury • Causes and prevention of injury

  24. What are Work-related Musculo Skeletal Disorders (WMSDs)? • Also known as: • Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs) • Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSIs) • Overuse injuries • Work Related Upper Limb Disorders (WRULDs) • Musculo Skeletal Injuries (MSIs) • Musculo Skeletal Disorders (MSDs) • Soft tissue injuries • Usually develop gradually, but sometimes can appear suddenly • Can be serious, if not taken care of early

  25. Discomfort Pain Numbness Tingling What are some of the symptoms of WMSDs? • Burning • Swelling • Change in color • Tightness, loss of flexibility

  26. What causes WMSDs? Risk Factors • Awkward Postures • High Hand Force • Repetitive Motions • Repeated Impacts • Heavy, Frequent, or Awkward Lifting • Moderate to High Hand-Arm Vibration

  27. Risk Factors Risk of injury depends upon: • Duration (how long) • Frequency (how often) • Intensity (how much) • Combinations of risk factors

  28. Risk Factors Duration • usually need hours of exposure before risk factors become a concern • Can be all at one time or cumulative over the day

  29. Risk factors for WMSDs Awkward postures

  30. Head level Shoulders relaxed Elbows at sides Low back supported Wrists straight Feet supported Neutral postures Standing neutral posture Seated neutral posture

  31. Hands over head or elbows above shoulders For more than 2 hours per day

  32. Neck bent more than 30° For more than 2 hours per day

  33. Back bent more than 30° For more than 2 hours per day

  34. Squatting For more than 2 hours per day

  35. Kneeling For more than 2 hours per day

  36. Wrists bent Extension Ulnar deviation Flexion

  37. Reducing awkward postures • Change workstation heights & display heights • Tilt or rotate the work • Use platforms • Bring items within easy reach • Pause to stretch

  38. Reducing awkward postures Case Study

  39. Risk Factors for WMSDs High hand force

  40. High hand force A power grip can be 5 times stronger than a pinch grip = 10 lbs 2 lbs

  41. Gripping with the whole hand 10 lbs. of weight or force for more than 2 hours per day

  42. Pinching with the fingertips 2 lbs. of weight or 4 lbs. of force for more than 2 hours per day

  43. Other factors • Your grip strength decreases when you: • Bend your wrists • Pick up slippery items • Wear poorly fitting gloves • Have cold hands

  44. Avoid pinch grips • Pick objects up from the bottom using whole hand • Attach handles or use lift tools • Build up handles on small tools to reduce grip force

  45. Reduce power grip force • Pick up smaller loads • Use power tools instead of hand tools • Keep tools in good working order • Use lighter tools or tool balancers • Use two hands • Keep your wrists straight

  46. Avoid holding onto objects for long periods • Use clamps to hold onto work • Place items on carts rather than carrying them • Put down a tool when not actually using it

  47. Use tool balancers Case Study

  48. Tool use example Use tools that let you keep your wrist straight Working with bent wrists decreases grip strength

  49. Risk factors for WMSDs Highly repetitive motions

  50. Highly repetitive motion For more than 2 hours per day

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