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Aspek Mental Ergonomi. TI-2201 Pengantar Ergonomi Semester II – 2008/2009. Human Information Processing. TI-2201 Pengantar Ergonomi Semester II – 2008/2009. Introduction. Cases Exploding aircraft Oops I just paid him … I did not take a shower for … days Transportation safety ...
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Aspek Mental Ergonomi TI-2201 Pengantar Ergonomi Semester II – 2008/2009
HumanInformation Processing TI-2201 PengantarErgonomi Semester II – 2008/2009
Introduction • Cases • Exploding aircraft • Oops I just paid him … • I did not take a shower for … days • Transportation safety... • Mr. J riding a motorcycle while talking on the phone • Friend of Mr. R hit by a train on a TI-2201 PengantarErgonomi Semester II – 2008/2009
How can we understand this...? • Stages of information processing • Perception of information • Processing of information • Response/decission making • Cognitive functions – the first two stages
Information Processing TI-2201 PengantarErgonomi Semester II – 2008/2009 See also p.122-Wickens
Sensation • Physical stimulus • Characterized by physical attributes • Enters through the senses • Impinging the sense organs • Give rise to neural events • Stimulus representation stored in the CNS (decays in hundreds of ms) • Design issues • Intensity, frequency • Contrast, dimensions, etc. • Attention
Perception • Definition • Construction of a model • Make meaning • What is perception? • Not a replica of neural event • Depends on neural “hardware” and previous experience • Also mediated by other factors (personality, mood, and context)
Perception • Levels • Physical • Phonetic • Semantic • Other higher levels • Design issues • Effects of stimulus intensity • Quicker response at lower levels • Training • Personality • Context • Other (look but not see)
Short-Term Memory • Characteristics • Often referred to as working memory • Temporary • Small amount of information retainedwhile performing an operation (7+/- 2) • Decay fast (seconds) • Easy to forget (by interuption, causing errors) • Lots of mental resources (conscious attention) • Design issues? • Exercise • Peterson and Peterson (1959) • Murdock (1962)
Short-Term Memory • Working memory • Transient and limited • Temporary store • Active until the information is used • Information obtained from the environment or retrieved from the long-term memory
Long-Term Memory • What it is… • Symbolic structures with new data added • Storage of information after no longer active • Through learning • More permanent • Large amount of information • Contains knowledge (of the world) • Associative in nature • Retrieval failure may occur, but • Can be do using several strategies • Design issues
Long-Term Memory • Other characteristics • Recency and frequency of use • Associations with other items • Working memory and long-term memory • Forgetting • Organizations of information
Long-Term Memory • Organizations of information • Schemas and scripts (central concepts or topics) • Mental model (schemas of dynamic systems) • Cognitive maps
Attention • Considered as a limited resource • Varies depending modality and HIP phase • Factors affecting selection of channels to attend • Salience • Capturing attention? • Expectancy • Where to look? • Value • Value of information • Effort • An inhibitor
Response Selection & Execution • Influencing factors • Task modality • Skill • Skilled vs. unskilled • Sustained attention • Vigilance paradigm (Mackworth, 1948) • Poor performance when done alone • Factors influencing vigilance
Situation Awareness • Definition • Awareness of the meaning of dynamic changes in the environment
Mental Workload • Measurement • Reaction time • Attention • Errors • Tools • NASA TLX (Task Load Index) • Workload Profile Technique • Task difficulty index • Physiological • GSR, HR, EMG, EEG, eye movement and blinks, etc
Human Factors Guidelines • Stimuli and sensory • Improve bottom up processes.... (how?) • Perception • Improve top-down processes (how?) • Working memory • Long-term memory (see answers in Wickens)
