Presentation Transcript

1. The French Revolution
2. The Estates General France was left in heavy debt and discontent following the rule of Louis XIV 3 levels of society 1st Estate- Clergy- .5% of the population who owned 10% of the land 2nd Estate- Nobles- 1.5% of the population who owned 20% of the land 3rd Estate- Bourgeoisie- 98% of the population (middle class merchants and bankers and peasants) Enlightenment ideas inspired the 3rd Estate to question their situation.
3. Conditions Ripe for Revolution Huge debt accrued from Louis XIV wars. Due to heavy debt, King Louis XVI raised taxes on the 3rd Estate. Louis attempted to tax the 1st and 2nd Estates, but they refused to pay. Poor harvests and steady economic decline led to food shortages - people flocked to Paris demanding bread.
4. The Tennis Court Oath Delegates to the Estates General from the 3rd Estate were elected, Could not vote unless they owned property!!! Always outvoted, they declared themselves the rightful National Assembly. When they found they were locked out of their meeting place, they met on a tennis. Took an oath to meet regularly no matter what until France had a real constitution.
5. The Tennis Court Oath
6. Bastille Day On July 14th, 1789 Parisians stormed the Bastille, a prison for political prisoners. They freed seven prisoners and collected gun powder and weapons to protect the National Assembly. It quickly became a symbol of the Revolution. It is still a huge holiday for France today.
7. Revolts Various factions took to the streets of Paris and the provinces. Marquis de Lafayette Headed the National Guard, a middle class army formed in response to government troops arriving in Paris. “Tricolor.” Women march from Paris to Versailles demanding that the king return to the capital to help the people. They demanded food and bread Caught attempting to escape to Austria, Louis XVI is returned to Paris where he was virtually a prisoner.
8. The Women’s March
9. National Assembly Reforms The National Assembly, in its first efforts to pass a constitution set forth the Declaration of the Rights of Man. It abolished feudalism It sited natural rights and demanded an end to the estate discrimination. Passed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy Took church lands and put the church under government control. The Pope, Pope Pius VI condemned the French Revolution. They passed the Constitution of 1791, which established a limited monarchy and encouraged free trade.
10. Flight of the Nobles Louis and Marie try to flee France, but are caught and returned to Paris. Emigres (nobles, clergy an others) flee France and tell horror stories of the events there, leading enlightened despots to condemn the revolution and begin to mass armies against a possible French threat.
11. NATIONALISM!!! Prussia and Austria vowed to destroy Paris if the royal family was harmed. The Commune (revolutionaries) get the Legislative Assembly to accuse Louis XVI of plotting against Constitution of 1791. Revolutionary troops arrive in Paris from Marseillaise to fight invading armies. The Monarchy officially suspends the office of the king on August 10, 1792.
12. La Marseillaise Let's go children of the fatherland,The day of glory has arrived!Against us tyranny'sBloody flag is raised! (repeat)In the countryside, do you hearThe roaring of these fierce soldiers?They come right to our armsTo slit the throats of our sons, our friends! Refrain Grab your weapons, citizens!Form your batallions!Let us march! Let us march!May impure bloodWater our fields! This horde of slaves, traitors, plotting kings,What do they want?For whom these vile shackles,These long-prepared irons? (repeat)Frenchmen, for us, oh! what an insult!What emotions that must excite!It is us that they dare to consider Returning to ancient slavery! What! These foreign troopsWould make laws in our home! What! These mercenary phalanxes Would bring down our proud warriors! (repeat) Good Lord! By chained hands Our brows would bend beneath the yoke!Vile despots would becomeThe masters of our fate! Tremble, tyrants! and you, traitors,The disgrace of all groups,Tremble! Your parricidal plansWill finally pay the price! (repeat)Everyone is a soldier to fight you, If they fall, our young heros, France will make more, Ready to battle you! Frenchmen, as magnanimous warriors,Bear or hold back your blows! Spare these sad victims, Regretfully arming against us. (repeat) But not these bloodthirsty despots,But not these accomplices of Bouillé,All of these animals who, without pity,Tear their mother's breast to pieces! Sacred love of France,Lead, support our avenging arms! Liberty, beloved Liberty, Fight with your defenders! (repeat) Under our flags, let victory Hasten to your manly tones! May your dying enemies See your triumph and our glory! Refrain We will enter the pit When our elders are no longer there; There, we will find their dust And the traces of their virtues. (repeat) Much less eager to outlive them Than to share their casket, We will have the sublime pride Of avenging them or following them! Refrain
13. Rise of Radicals National Convention Replaced with National Convention by radicals. Faced problems both domestic and abroad. Governed France for three years. Declared the end of the monarchy and the beginning of a republic. Had to write new constitution. Girondins Called for a Republic and did not want all of France to be governed by Paris. Jacobins They call for a Republic. Extreme radicals They behead the king an queen. They form the Committee of Public Safety to defend the revolution. War erupts between French Revolutionaries and European Monarchs
14. “It is necessary to annihilate (completely destroy) both the internal and external enemies of the republic or perish with its fall.” ~Robespierre Robespierre September 1793 – July 1794 Lawyer and politician who headed the Committee on Public Safety. Reign of Terror 17,000 executed in the name of the revolution Most were peasants and bourgeoisie Eventually executed himself
15. The Reign of Terror
16. Reaction After the Reign of Terror New Constitution Government now 2 house (bi-cameral) legislature and run by council of five directors. On the brink of bankruptcy Peace was made with Spain and Prussia, but France was still at war with Britain and Austria Corruption was widespread Rise of Napoleon The Death of Robespierre
17. Napoleon Comes to Power Fame from crushing royalist (peoplel loyal to the king) uprisings. Returns to Paris from campaigning against British. Greeted with hero’s welcome. Aided by other leaders, he seized power from the directory and the bi-cameral legislature.
18. Napoleon Consolidates Power Order, security and efficiency replace liberty, equality, and brotherhood. He controls prices, encourages industry, and builds infrastructure (roads, bridges, canals) He encourages émigrés (nobility that fled during the revolution) to return to France Encouraged merit system, not class system
19. Napoleonic Code Based on ideas of the Enlightenment Equality before the law Made laws clear and consistent Religious toleration
20. Napoleon Rolls Back the Revolution Women lost rights as citizens, and men were made heads of household The Concordat of 1801- Keeps religion in France under the charge of the government, but makes peace with the Catholics and gives them the right to practice their religion. Tax all citizens equally & works to bring national debt down.
21. Napoleon’s Empire 1804-1814 – Napoleon expands his Empire New battle tactics were developed that are still studied and used today. Initially France and Spain vs. Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Sweden
22. France versus Britain Plans to invade England cut short. French fleet smashed at the Battle of Trafalgar by British Commander Horatio Nelson Continental System Napoleon attempts to force a ban on trade with Great Britain by its allies. Plan backfired when Spain and Portugal lost too much money and took sides with England.
23. Problems for Napoleon Nationalism drove the French Revolution, but these ideas led other countries like Spain to resent French power and rule. Napoleon put his brother on the throne, but suffered heavily when the Spaniard resorted to guerrilla warfare Napoleondefeated Austria in battle and married Marie Louise of Austria to try to consolidate his power. Napoleon was getting very close to Russian territory. Napoleon had taken land from Prussia and Russia (that used to be Poland) and created the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. Czar Alexander of Russia decided in light of all these events to resume trade with England. This pushed Napoleon over the edge, finalizing his decision to invade.
24. Problems for Napoleon When he tried to invade, the Russians retreated and scorched the earth as they went, leaving the French Army to starve and freeze as winter set in. Napoleon took the city of Moscow, but as soon as he entered the Russians set it on fire. The Russian winter was ruthless. 600,000 French soldiers entered Russia….less than 200,000 made it back to France.
25. Problems for Napoleon (continued) Defeat in Russia and the forming of an alliance of Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia, led to Napoleon’s downfall at the Battle of Leipzig. Napoleon abdicated the throne to Louis XVIII, and was exiled to Elba He returned to power in a bloodless coup on his famous march through the Alps Napoleon’s return from Elba
26. Exile on Elba
27. Waterloo When Napoleon returned to the throne, he made overtures of peace to the European powers, but they did not believe him. They called for a million man army to oust him, and Napoleon knew his only chance was to strike first. He engaged the British and Prussian armies in Belgium at Waterloo, where he was ultimately defeated by his only superior on the battlefield, the Duke of Wellington. Napoleon was defeated and exiled to the island of St. Helena where we lived out his days.
28. Waterloo
29. Waterloo
30. ACTIVITY: See if you can identify the capitals of the countries numbered below. Use your textbook if necessary 6 1 7 2 4 3 8 5 Island of Elba
31. Capitals and their Countries Great Britain – London France – Paris Spain – Madrid Russia – Moscow Ottoman Empire – Constantinople Italy – Rome Prussia - Berlin Austria - Vienna
32. The Congress of Vienna European powers sent representatives to Austria for a meeting in September of 1814. Prince Clemens Metternich of Austria presided over the Congress of Vienna, and wanted to restore the “status quo” of 1792. A Balance of Power. His principle of restoring royal, rightful authority was called “legitimacy.” Alexander I of Russia wanted a “Christian alliance” formed to put down any future revolutions Lord Robert Castleragh of Britain wanted to limit French power Prince Charles Talleyrand of France played them all against each other in order to keep France as an equal partner in the proceedings
33. The Congress of Vienna (continued) Conservatism – The belief that governments need to go back to how things use to be. Liberalism – The belief that governments need to change.
34. The Congress of Vienna (continued) Principle of legitimacy- restored the monarchs that had been removed in the French Revolution or by Napoleon (France, Spain, Portugal and Italy) The Quadruple Alliance- Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia vowed to work to keep a balance of power in Europe Nationalism - resentment of foreign rule and the desire to restore local customs and have a unique identity Europe would not see another large war until WWI, but nationalism was on the rise and tensions were high. The ideas of the French Revolution spread to Latin America and the rest of the new world.
35. Europe 1815