Blood, Lymph & Immune System CH 9

1. Blood, Lymph & Immune System CH 9 • Blood, lymph and Immune systems share common cells, structures, and functions

2. Blood • A connective tissue • Composed of plasma (liquid medium), solid components are suspended within • 8% of total body weight • Erythrocytes • Leukocytes • Thrombocytes

3. Blood Cell Formation • Formed in Bone Marrow: Skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis and the long bones of arms and legs • Develop from a Stem Cell

4. Blood Cell Development • Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis = development & maturation of blood cells • Erythropoiesis • Leukopoiesis • Thrombopoiesis

5. Following Maturation • Blood leave bone marrow and enters circulation • Red Blood Cells • White Blood Cells • Thrombocytes

6. Red Blood Cells (RBC’s) Erythrocytes • Most numerous of circulating blood cells • Have an iron-containing compound Hemoglobin • Carries and exchanges O2 for CO2 • Live 120 days

7. White Blood Cells (WBC’s) Leukocytes • Protect against invasion by pathogens and foreign substances • Remove debris from injured tissue • Aid in the healing process • Can enter tissue spaces • Inflammation & Immune response • Two groups: Granulocytes & Agranulocytes

8. Granulocytes • Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

9. Neutrophils • Most numerous leukocyte in the circulation • Highly motile and Phagocytic • First cell to phagocytosis at the site of injury or infection

10. Eosinophils • Release substances that neutralize toxic compounds • Increase during allergic reactions and animal parasite infestations

11. Basophils • Release histamines and heparin when tissue is damaged • Histamines: initiate inflammation • Heparin: anticoagulant

12. Agranulocytes • Monocytes and Lymphocytes

13. Monocytes • Mildly phagocytic within the blood • In the tissue become macrophages – ingesting pathogens, dead cells,

14. Lymphocytes • B cells (humoral immunity) and T cells (cellular immunity) • Custom made immune response aimed at specific antigens • Release potent chemicals that rupture the cells of what it attacks

15. Thrombocytes/Platelets • Smallest formed elements found in blood • Initiate blood clotting • Series of reactions of specific factors

16. Blood Types • Four Groups: A, B, AB, and O • Based on specific antigens on the surface of RBC’s • Rh Blood factor • Negative or Positive

17. Lymph System • Consists of a fluid called Lymph • Monocytes and lymphocytes are suspended • Network of transporting vessels lymph vessels • Includes nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils

18. Functions of the Lymph System • Spleen: filters cellular debris, bacteria, parasites, infectious agents • Thymus: transforms lymphocytes into T cells • Tonsils: masses of lymphatic tissue, filters that protect the upper respiratory tract

19. Lymph System Flow • Blood Capillaries seep extracellular fluid • Some extracellular fluid enters lymph capillaries • Lymph eventually enters Lymph nodes

20. Lymph System Flow Cont. • From R upper body enter Right Lymphatic Duct draining into Right Subclavian Vein • From the rest of the body enters Thoracic duct draining into left subclavian vein • Re-deposited into circulating blood, becoming plasma, cycle begins again

21. Immune System • Layers of resistance • Innate & acquired • Immunocompetent:

22. Anemia • Oxygen Carrying capacity of blood is deficient O2 O2 You’re Weak RBC’s --- RBC’s --- RBC’s --- RBC’s

23. Causes of Anemia • Erythropenia: Decrease in Circulating RBC’s • Hypochromasia: Decrease in the amount of hemoglobin • Hematocrit: Decrease in the volume of packed erythrocytes

24. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) • Infectious Disease • Caused by Human Immuniodeficiency Virus (HIV) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IExRHL7D_NI&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWbprBw-yGE&feature=related

25. Allergy • Acquired abnormal immune response

26. Autoimmune Disease • Failure of body to distinguish between self and non-self • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3BvQT_KX3Y

27. Myasthenia Gravis • Autoimmune Disorder • Affects the Nueromuscular Junction • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mt0efT2xk2Y

28. Exacerbations & Remissions • Exacerbations are flare ups • Remissions are latency (hidden/undistinguishable) periods

29. Edema • Abnormal accumulation of fluids in the intercellular spaces of the body

30. Causes of Edema • Hypoproteinemia, poor lymph drainage, high sodium intake, increases capillary permeability and heart failure.

31. Ascites • Closely associated to Edema • Fluid collects in the peritoneal or pleural cavity • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvuvlcgbG90

32. Hemophilia • Is a hereditary disorder in which the blood-clotting mechanism is impaired • Sex gene linked • Hematomas, and hemarthrosis

33. Infectious Mononucleosis “kissing disease” • Acute infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus • Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly

34. Leukemia • An oncological disorder of the blood-forming organs, characterized by an overgrowth (proliferation) of blood cells • Often the white blood cells • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImG8LpVEzbU

35. Hodgkin Disease • A malignant disease of the lymph system, primarily the lymph nodes • Dyspnea and dysphagia

36. Kaposi Sarcoma • Malignancy of connective tissue, including bone, fat, muscle, and fibrous tissue.

37. Bacteremia • Presence of viable bacteria circulating in the bloodstream usually transient in nature

38. Graft Rejection • Destruction of a transplanted organ or tissue by the recipient’s immune system

39. Graft-Versus-Host Disease • After bone marrow transplant, the immune cells in the transplanted marrow produce antibodies against the host’s tissues

40. Hematoma • Localized accumulation of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue due to a break in or severing of a blood vessel

41. Hemolysis • Destruction of RBC’s with a release of hemoglobin that diffuses into the surrounding fluid

42. Lymphadenopathy • Any disease of the lymph nodes

43. Septicemia • Serious, life-threatening bloodstream infection that may arise from other infections (blood infection or blood poisoning)

44. Serology • Laboratory test to detect the presence of antibodies, antigens, or immune substance

45. Titer • Blood test that measures the amount of anitbodies in blood; commonly used as an indicator of immune status

46. Blood Culture • Test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream

47. Complete Blood Count (CBC) • Series of tests that include hemoglobin; hematocrit; RBC, WBC, and platelet counts; differential WBC;

48. Differential Count (Diff) • Test that enumerates the distribution of WBC’s in a stained blood smear by counting the different kinds of WBC’s and reporting each as a % of the total examined

49. Hemoglobin (Hgb) value • Measurement of the amount of hemoglobin found in a whole blood sample

50. Hematocrit (Hct) • Measurement of the percentage of RBCs in a whole blood sample