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Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration. glucose. ATP. Cellular Respiration. A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O 2 ) requiring process that uses energy extracted from macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP) and water (H 2 O). C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy.

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Cellular Respiration

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  1. Cellular Respiration

  2. glucose ATP Cellular Respiration • A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O2) requiring process that uses energy extracted from macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP) and water (H2O). C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

  3. Cellular Respiration Animations: http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter7/how_the_krebs_cycle_works.html http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__how_glycolysis_works.html http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter7/how_the_nad__works.html http://www.wiley.com/college/test/0471787159/biology_basics/animations/electronTransportChain.html http://www.wiley.com/college/test/0471787159/biology_basics/animations/krebsCycle.html http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter7/electron_transport_system_and_atp_synthesis.html http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter7/electron_transport_system_and_formation_of_atp.html

  4. Question: • In what kinds of organisms does cellular respiration take place?

  5. Plants, Animals, Protists, Bacteria, and Fungi!! • Ex: Plants - Autotrophs: self-producers. • Ex: Animals - Heterotrophs: consumers.

  6. Inner membrane space Matrix Cristae Outer membrane Inner membrane Mitochondria • Organelle where cellular respiration takes place.

  7. Redox Reaction • Transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another. • Two types: 1. Oxidation 2. Reduction

  8. Oxidation glucose ATP Oxidation Reaction • The loss of electrons from a substance. • Or the gain of oxygen C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

  9. An Overview of Cellular Respiration

  10. Reduction C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy glucose ATP Reduction Reaction • The gain of electrons to a substance. • Or loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen

  11. Breakdown of Cellular Respiration • Four main parts (reactions). 1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar) a. cytosol, just outside of mitochondria. 2. Grooming Phase a. migration from cytosol to matrix.

  12. Breakdown of Cellular Respiration 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) a. mitochondrial matrix 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation a. Also calledChemiosmosis b. inner mitochondrial membrane.

  13. 1. Glycolysis • Occurs in the cytosol just outside of mitochondria. • Two phases (10 steps): A. Energy investment phase a. Preparatory phase (first 5 steps). B. Energy yielding phase a. Energy payoff phase (second 5 steps).

  14. Glucose (6C) C-C-C-C-C-C 2ATP 2 ATP - used 0 ATP - produced 0 NADH - produced 2ADP + P C-C-C C-C-C Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or PGAL) 1. Glycolysis A. Energy Investment Phase:

  15. Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P) G3P G3P C-C-C C-C-C 4ADP + P 0 ATP - used 4 ATP - produced 2 NADH - produced 4ATP C-C-C C-C-C (PYR) (PYR) Pyruvate (2 - 3C) (PYR) 1. Glycolysis B. Energy Yielding Phase

  16. 1. Glycolysis • Total Net Yield 2 - 3C-Pyruvate (PYR) 2 - ATP (Substrate-level Phosphorylation) 2 - NADH

  17. The Energy Input and Output of Glycolysis

  18. Enzyme O- C=O C-O- CH2 Adenosine P P P Substrate ADP (PEP) O- C=O C=O CH2 Product (Pyruvate) Adenosine P P P ATP Substrate-Level Phosphorylation • ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP. Example: PEP to PYR

  19. Fermentation • Occurs in cytosol when “NO Oxygen” is present (called anaerobic). • Remember: glycolysis is part of fermentation. • Two Types: 1. Alcohol Fermentation 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

  20. 2ADP + 2 2ATP C C C C CC P 2NADH 2 NAD+ C C C C C Glycolysis 2 Ethanol 2 Pyruvic acid 2CO2 released 2 NAD+ 2NADH glucose Alcoholic Fermentation • Plants and Fungibeer and wine

  21. Duff Beer Alcoholic Fermentation 2 Pyruvates + 2NADH + 2ATP  2 Ethanols + 2 CO2 + 2 NAD+

  22. 2ADP + 2 2ATP C C C C CC P 2NADH 2 NAD+ C C C C C C Glycolysis 2 Lactic acid 2 Pyruvic acid 2 NAD+ 2NADH Glucose Lactic Acid Fermentation • Animals (pain in muscle after a workout)

  23. Lactic Acid Fermentation • End Products: Lactic acid fermentation 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 - Lactic Acids 2 – NAD+

  24. Cytosol 2 CO2 C C C Matrix C-C 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD+ 2 Acetyl CoA 2NADH 2. Grooming Phase • Occurs when Oxygen is present (aerobic). 2 Pyruvate (3C) molecules are transported through the mitochondria membrane to the matrix and is converted to 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) molecules.

  25. 2. Grooming Phase • End Products: grooming phase 2 - NADH 2 - CO2 2- Acetyl CoA (2C)

  26. Mitochondrial Matrix 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) • Location:mitochondrial matrix. • Acetyl CoA (2C) bonds toOxalacetic acid (4C - OAA) to makeCitrate (6C). • It takes2 turnsof the Krebs Cycletooxidize1 glucosemolecule.

  27. 1 Acetyl CoA (2C) OAA (4C) Citrate (6C) Krebs Cycle 2 CO2 FADH2 (one turn) 3 NAD+ FAD 3 NADH ATP ADP + P 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

  28. 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) Citrate (6C) OAA (4C) Krebs Cycle 4 CO2 2 FADH2 (two turns) 6 NAD+ 2 FAD 6 NADH 2 ATP 2 ADP + P 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

  29. 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) • Total net yield(2 turnsof Krebs Cycle) 1.2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2. 6 - NADH 3. 2 - FADH2 4. 4 - CO2

  30. Inner Mitochondrial Membrane 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis) • Location:inner mitochondrial membrane. • Uses ETC (cytochrome proteins) and ATPSynthase (enzyme) to make ATP. • ETC pumps H+ (protons) across innermembrane (lowers pH in innermembrane space).

  31. 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis) • The H+ then move via diffusion(Proton Motive Force) through ATP Synthase to make ATP. • All NADH and FADH2converted to ATP during this stage of cellular respiration. • Each NADH converts to 3 ATP. • Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH).

  32. Inner membrane space Matrix Cristae Outer membrane Inner membrane 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis)

  33. Chemiosmosis Couples the Electron Transport Chain to ATP Synthesis

  34. Inner Mitochondrial membrane Oxidative phosphorylation. electron transport and chemiosmosis Glycolysis ATP ATP ATP H+ H+ H+ H+ Cyt c Protein complex of electron carners Intermembrane space Q IV I III ATP synthase II Inner mitochondrial membrane H2O FADH2 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 FAD+ NADH+ NAD+ ATP ADP + P i (Carrying electrons from, food) H+ Mitochondrial matrix Chemiosmosis ATP synthesis powered by the flow Of H+ back across the membrane Electron transport chain Electron transport and pumping of protons (H+), which create an H+ gradient across the membrane Figure 9.15 Oxidative phosphorylation • Chemiosmosis and the electron transport chain

  35. higher H+ concentration Intermembrane Space 1H+ 2H+ 3H+ ATP Synthase H+ Inner Mitochondrial Membrane E T C 2H+ + 1/2O2 ADP + ATP P H2O H+ NADH + H+ NAD+ (Proton Pumping) lower H+ concentration Matrix 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis for NADH)

  36. higher H+ concentration Intermembrane Space 1H+ 2H+ ATP Synthase H+ Inner Mitochondrial Membrane E T C ADP + ATP P 2H+ + 1/2O2 H2O FADH2 + H+ FAD+ H+ (Proton Pumping) lower H+ concentration Matrix 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis for FADH2)

  37. ATP TOTAL ATP YIELD 1. 04 ATP - substrate-level phosphorylation 2. 34 ATP - ETC & oxidative phosphorylation 18 ATP- converted from 6NADH - Krebs Cycle 38 ATP - TOTAL YIELD

  38. Eukaryotes (Have Membranes) 02 ATP - glycolysis(substrate-level phosphorylation) 04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH – glycolysis/ETC 06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase/link phase 02 ATP - Krebs Cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) 18 ATP - converted from 6NADH - Krebs Cycle/ETC 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2– Krebs Cycle/ETC 36 ATP - TOTAL

  39. Glucose Cytosol Mitochondria Krebs Cycle Glycolysis 2 Acetyl CoA 2 Pyruvate 2NADH 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 6NADH 2FADH2 2NADH ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2ATP 4ATP 6ATP 18ATP 4ATP 2ATP Maximum ATP Yield for Cellular Respiration(Eukaryotes) 36 ATP (maximum per glucose)

  40. Prokaryotes (Lack Membranes) • Total ATP Yield 02 ATP - glycolysis(substrate-level phosphorylation) 06ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis 06 ATP- converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase • ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) 18 ATP - converted from 6NADH - Krebs cycle 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2- Krebs cycle 38 ATP - TOTAL

  41. Question: • In addition to glucose, what other various food molecules are use in Cellular Respiration?

  42. Catabolism of VariousFood Molecules • Other organic molecules used for fuel. 1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides 2. Fats: glycerol and fatty acids 3. Proteins: amino acids

  43. What are the reactants required in order for cellular respiration to take place?

  44. In what part of cells does glycolysis take place? Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?

  45. How many ATP molecules (net) are produced at the end of glycolysis?

  46. What molecule(s) start the Krebs Cycle? How many carbon dioxide molecules are produced during the Krebs Cycle? What is the role of the NADH electron carriers produced during glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle?

  47. Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located? A) cytosol B) mitochondrial outer membrane C) mitochondrial inner membrane D) mitochondrial intermembrane space E) mitochondrial matrix

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