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PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosynthesis is a crucial process converting light energy into chemical energy stored in food through specific reactions. This includes details on the chemical equation, reactants, products, chloroplast structure, and stages of photosynthesis. Learn about light-dependent and light-independent reactions that take place in chloroplasts, as well as the overall process steps.

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PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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  1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

  2. KEY CONCEPTPhotosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions that transform light energy into chemical energy stored in food.

  3. Chemical Equation of Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Carbon dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen REACTANTSPRODUCTS Carbon dioxideGlucose (sugar) Water Oxygen Sunlight Energy chlorophyll Sunlight Energy chlorophyll

  4. CO2diffuses into leaf cells through stomata pores

  5. Water is absorbed by osmosis through the roots

  6. chloroplast leaf cell leaf In plants, Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts. • Chloroplasts are green colored organelles that contain the green pigmented molecule chlorophyll • Chloroplast = Organelle • Chlorophyll= Molecule

  7. chloroplast grana (thylakoids) stroma Structure of the Chloroplast Organelle 1.) Thylakoids- coin shaped compartments surrounded by a membrane 2.) Grana – Stacks of coin shaped thylakoids 3.) Chlorophyll – light absorbing green molecule in thylakoid membrane 4.) Stroma – Fluid filled space between grana

  8. There are Two Main Stages of Photosynthesis 1. Light-Dependent Reactions – Require Light Energy 2. Light-Independent Reactions – Do Not Require Light Energy

  9. Light-Dependent Reactions - capture energy from sunlight. *Light energy is needed *Water is needed *Occur in the chlorophyll filled thylakoid membrane *Produce molecules that provide E to Light Independent Rxns. (ATP and NADPH – High Energy Molecules) *Waste byproduct is Oxygen

  10. Basic Steps of the Light Dependent Reactions 1. Light energy “excites” the electrons in the chlorophyll molecule. 2. “Excited”, high energy electrons are passed from one protein molecule to another along the electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane and are picked up by two molecules: NADP to form NADPHHigh E molecules needed to ADP to form ATPpower the Light Independent Rxns 3. Enzymes split the water molecule: H2O 2H+ + 2e- + O- * The 2e- replace the electrons the chlorophyll molecule lost * Oxygen gas is released

  11. Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle) • Do NOT require light energy – can happen in the dark • Requires ATP and NADPH as energy source • Occurs in the stroma • CO2needed. CO2 enters through the leaf stomata by diffusion • Glucose molecules made

  12. Basic Steps of the Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle) 1. CO2 molecules diffuse across the stroma. 2. CO2 is rearranged using H+ and Energy from ATP and NADPH to make glucose. Carbon gets ”fixed” into organic compounds – Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins

  13. Light Dependent Reactions – Capture Light Energy • Light Independent Reactions - Make Sugars

  14. granum (stack of thylakoids) 1 chloroplast sunlight 6H2O 6O2 2 energy thylakoid stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids) 6CO2 1 six-carbon sugar C6H12O6 3 4 • The equation for the overall process is: 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2

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