Essential Question : How did progressives bring reform to urban & state gov’ts?

1. Essential Question: • How did progressives bring reform to urban & state gov’ts? • Warm-Up Question: • How effective were progressive reformers in addressing: (a) Problems in cities? (b) Discrimination against African-Americans? (c) Inequalities against women?

2. Political Progressivism in the Cities & States (5.35)

3. Government Reform • City, state, & national governments were in need of reform: • Corrupt political machines controlled city governments • Monopolists used theirwealthtoinfluencepoliticians, encourage monopolies, & fight labor laws • Political positions were gained based on patronage not merit • Corruption scandals plagued the national government Quick Class Discussion:What problems existed within the city, state, & national governments?

5. Urban Government Reform • In the 1880s, reformers began to demand change in city gov’ts: • Reformers tried to end patronage (appointment based on loyalty) by passing the Pendleton Act which required merit-based exams • Reformers tried to make gov’t more efficient & break the power of machines by shifting power to city commissions & managers

6. After a hurricane destroyed the city of Galveston, Texas…

7. Rather than 1 mayor making all decisions, a committee oversaw different aspects of local government …politicians created the 1st city commission gov’t

8. Other cities adopted this model, but added a trained city manager to carry out the day-to-day operation of government Some cities created their own government-run water, gas, electricity utility companies These changes were much more efficient & less corrupt than traditional city gov’ts

9. Progressive Reform in the States • Progressive reformers impacted state governments too: • Most states created commissions to oversee state spending • States began regulating railroads & other big businesses to help workers & promote competition • States passed laws limiting work hours for children & women

10. Progressive Reform in the States • The most significant state reform was governor Robert La Follette’s “Wisconsin Idea”: • Used academic “experts” from the University of Wisconsin to help create state laws • Wisconsin was the 1st state to create an income tax, form industrial commissions, & regulate railroads

12. Progressives helped make state governments more democratic State of Texas Recall: Citizens can vote to remove an elected official Initiative: Citizens can put an issue on a state ballot & vote to make it a law Referendum: Citizens vote to increase taxes for new programs

13. Progressive Reform in the States • Progressives helped make state governments more democratic: • Most states had direct primary elections to allow voters to choose candidates, not parties • In 1912, the 17th Amendment was ratified which allowed for the direct election of Senators by the people

14. Direct Primary Elections

15. Increased Democracy in America during the Progressive Era: Pictionary Review • In groups of 6, play Pictionary to test your knowledge of progressive reforms that increased democracy in America • One student per group will be “it”; Get a vocabulary term from the teacher & draw the idea on paper (1 minute limit) • Students in each group guess the term by writing down their answer & delivering it to the teacher; First 3 correct guesses per team win bonus points • A new “it” receives a topic for Round 2

16. Pendleton Act: Political appointments made by merit-based exam (not patronage) City Commission Gov’t: City gov’t with a board of commissioners not a mayor Wisconsin Idea: Governor Bob LaFollette’s agenda of an income tax & agencies to regulate industry & railroads City Manager Gov’t: Hired a trained manager to handle the day-to-day details of running a city government Referendum: Citizens get to vote on tax increases to pay for gov’t programs Initiative: Citizens can put an issue on a state ballot and vote to make it a law Recall: Citizens can vote to remove an elected official & replace him with a more qualified candidate 17th Amendment: Citizens (not state gov’ts) can directly elect U.S. Senators For Teachers: Pictionary Terms

17. Essential Question: • What role did President Theodore Roosevelt play as a progressive reformer? • Warm-Up Question: • Define each progressive reform: Initiative, Referendum, Recall,17th Amendment, Wisconsin Idea, Pendleton Act, Direct Primary Election, City Commission Government

18. Theodore Roosevelt (6.09)

19. President Theodore Roosevelt • VP Theodore Roosevelt became president after the assassination of William McKinley in 1901 • TRwasadifferentkindofpresident • He thought the gov’t ought to take responsibility for the welfare of the American people • Hisagendaofprogressivereform was called the “Square Deal”

20. Theodore Roosevelt: A “Modern” President • TR was committed to a series of reforms: • Breaking up harmful monopolies (called “trustbusting”) • Regulating businesses such as railroads & the meat industry • Conservation of natural resources “It is the duty of the president to act upon the theory that he is the steward of the people, and…to assume that he has the legal right to do whatever the needs of the people demand, unless the Constitution or the laws explicitly forbid him to do it”

21. Trustbusting • During the Gilded Age, Congress passed a series of laws designed to keep big business in check: • The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was formed in 1886 to regulate railroads • The Sherman Anti-Trust Act in 1890 made it illegal for companies to restrict trade • But neither of these laws were strictenoughtocontrolmonopolies

22. Trustbusting • Roosevelt saw the benefit of efficient monopolies, but wanted to control bad trusts: • In 1902, the gov’t ordered the Northern Securities Company (a giant railroad monopoly) broken up because it violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act • The Roosevelt administration “busted” 25 trusts in 7 years

23. Theodore Roosevelt, the Trustbuster RESTRAINT

24. Supporting Workers • In 1902, the United Mine Workers went on strike to demand higher pay & an eight-hour work day • The anthracite coalstrikelasted 11 months & threatened the nation as winter approached

25. Supporting Workers • Unlike the Gilded Age presidents, TR did not side with the owners & break up the strike • TR forced both sides to arbitrate or face gov’t seizure of the coal mine • The result was a “square deal” for both sides

26. Regulating Business • When muckraker Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle was published, Roosevelt pushed for regulation of the meat packing industry • Congress passed the Meat Inspection Act in 1906 • To ban harmful products & end false medicine claims, the Pure Food & Drug Act passed in1906 Quick Class Discussion: Why did The Jungle generate so much outrage from Americans & politicians? Read excerpts from The Jungle

27. Unregulated Food & Medicines:The Need for the Pure Food & Drug Act

28. Conservation of the Environment • During the Gilded Age, corporations clear-cut forests & viewed America’s natural resources as endless • Roosevelt began the 1st national environmentalconservationprogram • The gov’t protected 195 million acres as off limits to businesses • The Reclamation Service to place natural resources (oil, trees, coal) under federal protection

29. National Parks and Forests

30. The Legacy of Theodore Roosevelt • In 1908, Roosevelt decided not to run for re-election as president • TR’s presidency was important because for the first time, the national government: • Regulated big business • Protected the environment • Assumed responsibility for the welfare of workers & consumers

31. Closure Activity • ?

32. Essential Question: • What role did Presidents Taft & Wilson play in bringing about progressive reforms? • Warm-Up Question: • Describe the accomplishments of & rank order these 6 reformers: Theodore Roosevelt, Jane Addams,Upton Sinclair, Booker T. Washington, Susan B. Anthony, Ida Tarbell

33. William Howard Taft (3.46)

34. William Howard Taft When Roosevelt decided not to run for re-election in 1908, his successor to the presidency was Republican William Howard Taft

35. The Presidency of Taft • Like TR, Taft believed that the U.S. needed progressive reform: • In his 4 years as president, Taft helped break up twice as many monopolies as Roosevelt • Created the Children’s Bureau & pushed for child labor laws • Helped create safety codes for coal miners & railroad workers

36. The Presidency of Taft • But, Taft did not always trust the gov’t to solve problems & often sided with conservative Republicans • He angered progressives when he supported a high tariff which helped monopolies • He allowed a cabinet secretary to sell 1 million acres of conservation land to businesses • Progressive politicians hoped that TR would run for president again

37. Progressives (& Roosevelt) began to view Taft as having made a mess of TR’s reforms

38. The Election of 1912 • TR decided to run for president in 1912 but the Republican Party picked Taft as their candidate • TR created the Progressive (“Bull Moose”) Party • Taft was the Republican nominee & the Democrats ran a reform governor, Woodrow Wilson • Republican voters were divided in whom to support: Roosevelt or Taft

39. The Election of 1912 & the Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party) I’m feeling as fit as a “bull moose”

40. The Election of 1912 With the Republicans divided, Democrat Woodrow Wilson won the election of 1912 Republicans divided by a Bull moose equals a Democratic victory!

41. Woodrow Wilson (0.51)

42. President Woodrow Wilson • President Wilson oversaw a great wave of progressive reforms: • 16th Amendment created the 1st income tax in U.S. history • 17th Amendment allowed for the direct-election of U.S. Senators • 18th Amendment outlawed alcohol (prohibition) • 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote (suffrage) “Progressive Amendments”

43. President Woodrow Wilson • President Wilson oversaw a great wave of progressive reforms: • Created the Federal Reserve to regulate the economy by adjusting the money supply & interest rates • The Clayton Anti-Trust Act limited the ability of companies to form monopolies & protected workers’ right to strike • The Federal Trade Commission monitoredunfairbusinesspractices

44. The Federal Reserve System The “Fed” regulates the amount of money in circulation to help keep the economy strong

45. The End of Progressive Reform • The Progressive Era (1890-1920) brought major changes: • Gov’t regulation of big business • Improvements in U.S. cities • More democracy for the people • But, the outbreak of World War I in Europe distracted Americans & brought an end to the Progressive Era

46. Closure Activity • ?