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Ch. 1 Plate Tectonics Section 1 Earth’s Interior

Ch. 1 Plate Tectonics Section 1 Earth’s Interior. Earth’s Interior. What does a geologist do? What are the characteristics of Earth’s crust, mantle, and core?. The Science of Geology. Geologists – Scientists who study the forces that make and shape planet Earth. Rocks of the Earth’s surface

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Ch. 1 Plate Tectonics Section 1 Earth’s Interior

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  1. Ch. 1 Plate TectonicsSection 1 Earth’s Interior

  2. Earth’s Interior • What does a geologist do? • What are the characteristics of Earth’s crust, mantle, and core?

  3. The Science of Geology • Geologists – Scientists who study the forces that make and shape planet Earth. • Rocks of the Earth’s surface • Map rock on and below the surface • Describe landforms formed in rock and soil by water, wind, and waves.

  4. The Science of Geology • Geologists study the processes that create Earth’s features and search for clues about Earth’s history.

  5. Exploring Inside Earth • What is inside the Earth? • Can we dig to the center of the Earth? • The deepest mine is 3.8 km, the center of the Earth is over 6,000 km. • Geologists have used two main types of evidence to learn about Earth’s interior: • Direct evidence from rocks • Indirect evidence from seismic waves

  6. Evidence from Rock Samples • Scientists have drilled holes as much as 12 km deep for rock samples. • Scientist make inferences about how and where these rocks formed.

  7. Evidence from Seismic Waves • Geologists cannot look inside the earth, must rely on indirect methods. • Use Seismic Waves given off by earthquakes • The speed and paths the seismic waves reveals the structure of the Earth.

  8. Earth’s Interior

  9. A Journey to the Center of the Earth • What happens to the temperature as you travel into the Earth? • For the first 20 meters or so the rock around you is quite cool.

  10. A Journey to the Center of the Earth • After 20 meters the temperature rises. Why does it rise? • Result of heat left over from the formation of the earth and radioactive substances in the Earth. • For every 40 meters you go down from then on, the temperature rises 1° Celsius. • This increase in temperature continues for several kilometers. After that, the temperature increases more slowly, but steadily.

  11. A Journey to the Center of the Earth • Pressure • There is an increase in pressure the further you go into the Earth. • Caused by the weight of the rock above. • Just like there is more pressure the deeper you go in a swimming pool.

  12. A Journey to the Center of the Earth • As you go to the center of the Earth, you travel through several different layers. • Crust • Mantle • Core

  13. A Journey to the Center of the Earth

  14. The Crust • The crust is the outermost part of the Earth. • Rocks • Mountains • Soil • water.

  15. The Crust • The crust ranges from 5 – 40 km thick. • The crust beneath the ocean is called “oceanic crust.” • Consists mostly of a rock called BASALT.

  16. The Crust • The crust that forms the continents is called “continental crust.” • Consists mostly of a rock called GRANITE.

  17. The Mantle • Below the crust is the layer called the mantle. • Layer of hot rock • Mantle is about 3,000 km thick.

  18. The Mantle • The Lithosphere • The upper part of the mantle and the lower part of the crust together form a solid layer called the lithosphere. • About 100 km thick

  19. The Mantle • Asthenosphere • Below the lithosphere. • Hotter and under a lot of pressure • Softer, bendable rock (but still solid).

  20. The Mantle • The Lower Mantle • Beneath the asthenosphere, the mantle is solid. • This solid material extends all the way to Earth’s core.

  21. The Core • The Core • Below the mantle • Made mostly of metals iron and nickel. • Made up of the inner and outer core • 3,486 km thick

  22. The Core • Outer Core • Layer of molten metal that surrounds the inner core. • Like thick liquid • Inner Core • Dense ball of solid metal • Very hot, but too much pressure to be a liquid

  23. The Core • The outer and inner core make up about 1/3 (33%) of the Earth’s mass, but only 15% of its volume. • The inner and outer core together are slightly smaller than the moon.

  24. Earth’s Magnetic Field • The inner core is spinning at a slightly faster rate than the rest of the Earth. • This creates a magnetic field. • The force is strongest at the magnetic poles, which is different than the geographical poles.

  25. Assessment • Why is it hard to describe what the inner structure of the Earth? • How are seismic waves used to provide evidence about Earth’s interior? • What are the 3 main layers of the Earth? • What is the difference between the lithosphere an the asthenosphere? In which layer is each located?

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