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IE 419 Work Design: Productivity and Safety Dr. Andris Freivalds Class #38

IE 419 Work Design: Productivity and Safety Dr. Andris Freivalds Class #38. IE 419 Work Design: Productivity and Safety Dr. Andris Freivalds Class #38. Radiation (Ch. 27). Electromagnetic radiation – energy emitted in: Small pulses or quanta or Wave-like patterns

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IE 419 Work Design: Productivity and Safety Dr. Andris Freivalds Class #38

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  1. IE 419 Work Design:Productivity and Safety Dr. Andris Freivalds Class #38 IE 419

  2. IE 419 Work Design:Productivity and Safety Dr. Andris Freivalds Class #38 IE 419

  3. Radiation (Ch. 27) • Electromagnetic radiation – energy emitted in: • Small pulses or quanta or • Wave-like patterns • Wide range of problems • Nuclear power (Three-mile Island, Chernobyl) • Medical X-rays • Environmental (radon) IE 419

  4. Frequency Spectrum Wavelength = velocity/frequency IE 419

  5. Radiation Terminology • Ionizing – radiation causing ions (bad!) • Nonionizing – not enough energy for ions • Radioactivity – substance decomposing into smaller particles • Alpha particles (α) = He++, large, ↓ penetration • Neutron = ½ α mass, but no charge • Beta particles (β) = electrons, ↑ penetration • X-rays, γ-rays = massless energy, ↑↑penetration • Half life – length of time for decomposition process to consume ½ the original mass IE 419

  6. Radiation Units • Curie = amount of radioactive substance producing 3.7x1010 disintegrations/sec • Roentgen (R) = energy absorption in dry air • Rad (Roentgen absorbed dose) = energy absorption per unit mass of tissue • Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) = Dose of ionizing radiation & biological effect of 1Rad • RBE (Relative Biological Effectiveness) • Rem = Rad x RBE IE 419

  7. Comparison of Radiation IE 419

  8. Comparison of Radiation • 1 Rem = 1 R = 1 Rad of X-rays • 1 Rem = 0.1 Rad of Neutrons → RBE=10 • 1 Rem = 0.05 Rad of α → RBE = 20 IE 419

  9. Effects of Ionizing Radiation • Blood • White cells • Red cells • Bone marrow • Eyes • Skin • Reproduction IE 419

  10. Radiation Factors • Time • Intensity • Type of particles IE 419

  11. OSHA Limits (1910.1096) Natural exposure = 0.1 rem/yr Medical exposure = 0.1 rem/yr 95% of industrial workers < 1 rem/yr IE 419

  12. Nuclear Radiation - Hiroshima • Deaths = 70,000 (Nagasaki = 40,000) • Heat = 6,000 °C • Shock = over pressures 8-10 psi • Radiation = intense IE 419

  13. Sources of Ionizing Radiation • X-ray equipment • Radio isotopes • β sources • Thorium • High voltage devices • Nuclear radiation • Uranium mill tailings • Nuclear waste disposal IE 419

  14. Precautionary Measures • Restricted access • Shielding • Monitoring • Protective clothing • No food • Cleanup Shielding (mm) IE 419

  15. Ultraviolet Natural Industrial Visible High intensity lamps Sun Welding Infrared Microwaves Absorption, ↑heat Oven, dryers Radar OSHA standards Power < 10mW/cm2 Energy < 1mWhr/cm2 Nonionizing Radiation IE 419

  16. Effect on Human Eye IE 419

  17. Types of Radiation and the Eye X-ray, γ-ray UV light Visible light Near IR light Far IR light μ-waves IE 419

  18. Precautionary Measures • Shields, screening • Warning signs • Avoid metal • Care on direction IE 419

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