Searching for a new form of matter on Long Island Steve Manly, University of Rochester

1. Searching for a new form of matter on Long IslandSteve Manly, University of Rochester 12 June, 2000: 1st Collisions @ s = 56 AGeV 24 June, 2000: 1st Collisions @ s = 130 AGeV July 2001: 1st Collisions @ s = 200 AGeV REU Seminar, University of Rochester

2. Places to learn more:Particle and nuclear physics links http://pdg.lbl.gov http://particleadventure.org http://www.aps.org/dpf/education.html http://www.slac.stanford.edu/gen/edu/aboutslac.html http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/sciindex.html http://www.rhic.bnl.gov/ http://welcome.cern.ch/welcome/gateway.html http://www.fnal.gov/ http://www.er.doe.gov/production/henp/np/index.html REU Seminar, University of Rochester

3. The starting point What is matter? REU Seminar, University of Rochester

4. Stuff Lump A little bit A molecule An atom REU Seminar, University of Rochester

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6. Before REU Seminar, University of Rochester

7. How do they interact? After REU Seminar, University of Rochester

8. What forces exist in nature? What is a force? How do forces change with energy or temperature? How has the universe evolved? REU Seminar, University of Rochester

9. e- The fundamental nature of forces: virtual particles Et  h Heisenberg E = mc2 Einstein REU Seminar, University of Rochester

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11. qq mesons K = us or us  = ud or ud leptons quarks Gauge bosons u c t d s b e   e   e W, Z, , g, G g Strong interaction Hadrons Baryons qqq p = uud n = udd nuclei atoms Electromagnetic interaction REU Seminar, University of Rochester

12. q q q q qq qq relative strength asymptotic freedom confinement distance energy density, temperature Quantum Chromodynamics - QCD Gauge field carries the charge REU Seminar, University of Rochester

13. Why do we believe QCD is a good description of the strong interaction? Deep inelastic scattering: There are quarks. REU Seminar, University of Rochester

14. Why do we believe QCD is a good description of the strong interaction? No direct observation of quarks: confinement REU Seminar, University of Rochester

15. Why do we believe QCD is a good description of the strong interaction? REU Seminar, University of Rochester

16. Why do we believe QCD is a good description of the strong interaction? Eventshapes REU Seminar, University of Rochester

17. Why do we believe QCD is a good description of the strong interaction? Measure the coupling REU Seminar, University of Rochester

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20. Relativistic heavy ions • AGS: fixed target, 4.8 GeV/nucleon pair • SPS: fixed target, 17 GeV/nucleon pair • RHIC: collider, 200 GeV/nucleon pair • LHC: collider, 5.4 TeV/nucleon pair • Two concentric superconducting magnet rings, 3.8 km circum. • A-A (up to Au), p-A, p-p collisions, eventual polarized protons • Funded by U.S. Dept. of Energy $616 million • Construction began Jan. 1991, first collisions June 2000 • Annual operating cost $100 million • Reached 10% of design luminosity in 2000 (1st physics run)!! REU Seminar, University of Rochester

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22. The goals • Establish/characterize the expected QCD deconfinement phase transition quarks+gluons hadrons • Establish/characterize changes in the QCD vacuum at high energies: chiral symmetry restoration and/or disoriented chiral condensates • Polarized proton physics REU Seminar, University of Rochester

23. Coin of the realm Centrality Temperature  <Pt> Entropy, energy density  Chemical potential  species yields Thermal equilibration peripheral central Energy density, number of participants, multiplicity, zero degree energy (nuclear fragments) Vary conditions by varying species, energy and centrality REU Seminar, University of Rochester

24. Signatures/observables • Strange particle enhancement and particle yields • Temperature • J/ and ’ production/suppression • Vector meson masses and widths • identical particle quantum correlations • DCC - isospin fluctuations • Flow of particles/energy (azimuthal asymmetries) • jet quenching Measured value Energy density or number of participants Each variable has different experimental systematics and model dependences on extraction and interpretation MUST CORRELATE VARIABLES REU Seminar, University of Rochester

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26. Event in STAR REU Seminar, University of Rochester

27. Isometric of PHENIX Detector REU Seminar, University of Rochester

28. Perspective View of Spectrometer From F.Videbœk REU Seminar, University of Rochester

29. The PHOBOS Detector (2001) ZDC Paddle Trigger Counter Time of Flight Spectrometer Vertex Octagon Ring Counters Cerenkov y f x q z 1m • 4p Multiplicity Array • - Octagon, Vertex & Ring Counters • Mid-rapidity Spectrometer • TOF wall for high-momentum PID • Triggering • Scintillator Paddles Counters • Zero Degree Calorimeter (ZDC) 137000 silicon pad readout channels REU Seminar, University of Rochester

30. Central Part of the Detector (not to scale) 0.5m REU Seminar, University of Rochester

31. Primary detector technology Silicon detector scheme Silicon strips and pads 300 microns signal lines bias bus metal 2 Dielectric 2 vias metal 1 Dielectric 1 p+ Implant Polysilicon Drain Resistor n+ +HV REU Seminar, University of Rochester

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33. The Phobos Collaboration ARGONNE NATIONAL LABORATORY Birger Back, Alan Wuosmaa BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY Mark Baker, Donald Barton, Alan Carroll, Joel Corbo, Nigel George, Stephen Gushue, Dale Hicks, Burt Holzman, Robert Pak, Marc Rafelski, Louis Remsberg, Peter Steinberg, Andrei Sukhanov INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS, KRAKOW Andrzej Budzanowski, Roman Holynski, Jerzy Michalowski, Andrzej Olszewski, Pawel Sawicki , Marek Stodulski, Adam Trzupek, Barbara Wosiek, Krzysztof Wozniak MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Wit Busza, Patrick Decowski, Kristjan Gulbrandsen, Conor Henderson, Jay Kane , Judith Katzy, Piotr Kulinich, Johannes Muelmenstaedt, Heinz Pernegger, Michel Rbeiz, Corey Reed, Christof Roland, Gunther Roland, Leslie Rosenberg, Pradeep Sarin, Stephen Steadman, George Stephans, Gerrit van Nieuwenhuizen, Carla Vale, Robin Verdier, Bernard Wadsworth, Bolek Wyslouch NATIONAL CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, TAIWAN Chia Ming Kuo, Willis Lin, JawLuen Tang UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER Joshua Hamblen, Erik Johnson, Nazim Khan, Steven Manly, Inkyu Park, Wojtek Skulski, Ray Teng, Frank Wolfs UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO Russell Betts, Edmundo Garcia, Clive Halliwell, David Hofman, Richard Hollis, Aneta Iordanova, Wojtek Kucewicz, Don McLeod, Rachid Nouicer, Michael Reuter, Joe, Sagerer UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND Abigail Bickley, Richard Bindel, Alice Mignerey REU Seminar, University of Rochester

34. Measuring Centralityin PHOBOS Au Au x z • 6% cut on paddle signal •  gives ~6% events with highest Npart DATA Paddle Signal Simulation Npart Npart REU Seminar, University of Rochester

35. RingsN Octagon RingsP f h Phobos and global event-by-event variables Small acceptance tracking capability Large acceptance multiplicity detector REU Seminar, University of Rochester

36. 5m 2m 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 1m h coverage for vtx at z=0 Phobos and global event-by-event variables Large acceptance multiplicity detector REU Seminar, University of Rochester

37. f 5m 2m h 1m -5.5 +5.5 -3 0 +3 Phobos and global event-by-event variables Study patterns/asymmetries of hits and energy deposition REU Seminar, University of Rochester

38. Ring counter Interaction Point Octagon, vertex and ring detectors • |h| < 5.5 (Dh = 0.05-0.1), 0f2p (Df = 2p/32 -2p/64) 5.0m 1.1m 2.3m -1.1m -5.0m -2.3m REU Seminar, University of Rochester

39. octagon vertex detector Octagon, vertex and ring detectors • |h| < 5.5 (Dh = 0.05-0.1), 0f2p (Df = 2p/32 -2p/64) 5.0m 1.1m 2.3m -1.1m -5.0m -2.3m REU Seminar, University of Rochester

40. vertex detector Octagon, vertex and ring detectors • |h| < 5.5 (Dh = 0.05-0.1), 0f2p (Df = 2p/32 -2p/64) 5.0m 1.1m 2.3m -1.1m -5.0m -2.3m REU Seminar, University of Rochester

41. Elliptic flow b (reaction plane) Determine to what extent is the initial state spatial/momentum anisotropy preserved in the final state. • Sensitive to the initial equation of state and the degree of thermalization. • Affects other variables, such as HBT and spectra. dN/d(f -YR ) = N0 (1 + 2V1cos (f-YR) + 2V2cos (2(f-YR) + ... ) REU Seminar, University of Rochester

42. Reaction Plane REU Seminar, University of Rochester

43. -2.0 < h < -0.1 0.1 < h < 2.0 Yna Ynb RingN RingP SubE (a) SubE (b) Elliptic Flow • Subevent technique: correlate reaction plane in one part of detector to  asymmetry in hit pattern in other part of detector • Correct for imperfect reaction plane resolution (formalism given in A. M. Poskanzer,S. A. Voloshin Phys. Rev. C 58, 1671) REU Seminar, University of Rochester

44. High Resolution Low Resolution extrapolate spectrometer tracks octagon hit density peaks at vertex z position Determining the collision point Other techniques (vertex detector hits, timing) not used in flow analysis REU Seminar, University of Rochester

45. Spec holes f z Rings N Rings P Octagon Vtx holes Event Selection REU Seminar, University of Rochester

46. Spec vertex available f z Rings N Rings P Octagon Event Selection Acceptance/symmetry issues where spec vtx efficiency is highest REU Seminar, University of Rochester

47. f z Rings N Rings P Octagon -38 cm -30 cm Event Selection • Symoct analysis: • Lower statistics • symmetric detector REU Seminar, University of Rochester

48. f z Rings N Rings P Octagon -10 cm +10 cm Event Selection • Mid-z analysis: • higher statistics • must deal with symmetry and acceptance issues • coming soon REU Seminar, University of Rochester

49. In all calculations, hits are weighted by wi = (wia)(OCC(,)) Reaction plane determined in subevent ‘a’ Resolution determined from two subevents in a given event Average done over all events in a given centrality bin REU Seminar, University of Rochester

50. Phase space weighting --- wia For each annulus in eta, weight hits by the normalized, inverse integrated hit density REU Seminar, University of Rochester