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Aviation Situation Awareness (SA) Researched and Prepared by Daniel Sweet

Aviation Situation Awareness (SA) Researched and Prepared by Daniel Sweet. ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet. Purpose.

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Aviation Situation Awareness (SA) Researched and Prepared by Daniel Sweet

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  1. Aviation Situation Awareness(SA)Researched and PreparedbyDaniel Sweet ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet

  2. Purpose This presentation examines the research scope of aviation situation awareness and the psychological elements believed to define the human process in interacting with the surrounding flight environment. ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  3. Definition Situation awareness is “…perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status in the near future.” 1 1)Endsley, Mica R. (1988). Design and evaluation for situation awareness enhancement. Paper presented at the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting, Santa Monica, CA. 97-101. ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  4. Origin of SA • World War I era • Late 1980’s to early 1990’s saw a huge explosion of interest in SA Why? 1) Aircraft complexity 2) Aviation environment complexity 2 2) Bolstad, C. A. and Endsley, M. R. (1994). Individual differences in pilot situation awareness. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 4, 241-264. ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  5. Elements of SA • Spatial Awareness • Systems Awareness • Task Awareness 3 3) Wickens, Christopher D. (2002, August). Situation awareness and workload in aviation. Current Direction in Psychological Science, 2002, 11: 128-133. ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  6. Spatial Awareness • Spatial variables • Relationship of variables • Time lags • Conflicting pilot responsibilities • External hazards 3 3) Wickens, Christopher D. (2002, August). Situation awareness and workload in aviation. Current Direction in Psychological Science, 2002, 11: 128-133. ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  7. Spatial Awareness (cont’d) Spatial Variables: 1) pitch 2) roll 3) yaw 4) altitude 5) lateral flight path deviation (off course) 6) position along desired flight path (progression down desired course) ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  8. Spatial Awareness (cont’d) Relationship of Variables: A change in one variable inevitably changes another variable. Examples: Changes in pitch may change altitude. Changes in roll may change lateral deviation. ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  9. Spatial Awareness (cont’d) Time Lags: Consequences of these inter-relationships are rarely instantaneous. There are time lags between control inputs and the desired outcome. ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  10. Spatial Awareness (cont’d) Conflicting Pilot Responsibilities: Conflicting pilot goals must be mitigated. For example, navigating an aircraft to a certain point in space may be impossible due to flight limitations set on the aircraft. ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  11. Spatial Awareness (cont’d) External Hazards: Dynamic and unpredictable external hazards can include: 1) unforecasted weather 2) alternate air traffic control routing 3) passenger emergencies 4) etc. ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  12. Systems Awareness • Surge in aircraft automation in an attempt to mitigate aircraft systems complexity. • Potential problems with automation: 1) Data saturation 2) Need for increased pilot vigilance 3) Automation induced “tunnel vision” (overemphasis on a particular item) ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  13. Task Awareness Hierarchal elements of task awareness: 1) Aviating 2) Navigating 3) Communicating 4) Systems Automating ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  14. Task Awareness (cont’d) Checklists: Developed to minimize the frailties of “prospective memory” (memory to perform future functions). ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  15. Task Awareness (cont’d) Problems with Checklists: 1) Does not allow for concurrent task implementation. 2) Limited to “expected” events, either normal or emergency. 3) Impossible to codify the extensive pilot abilities needed to maintain SA. ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  16. Recap of Elements of SA In order to establish and maintain adequate SA in a flight environment, a pilot must be adept at developing SA within these 3 realms simultaneously. 1) Spatial awareness 2) Systems awareness 3) Task awareness. ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  17. Pilot SA Error Levels Three levels of pilot situation awareness errors have been developed from the situation awareness definition used in this research. Level 1: Perception Level 2: Comprehension Level 3: Projection 4 4) Endsley, M. R. (2000). Theoretical underpinnings of situation awareness. In M. R. Endsley & D. J. Garland (Eds.), Situation awareness analysis and measurement (pp.1-21). Majway, NJ: Erlbaum. ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  18. Level 1: Perception Errors in perception can be traced back to one of the following: 1) Pilot cognitive aptitude 2) Dysfunction of aircraft systems monitoring output 3) Combination of 1 and 2 ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  19. Perception (cont’d) Requires both Attention and Vigilance. Attention is knowing where to find relevant information Vigilance is the pilot’s ability to ascertain infrequent changes to the environment. ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  20. Level 2: Comprehension Comprehension is a form of mental capacity which incorporates the ability to associate relevant factual elements in order to complete a clear picture of one’s environment ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  21. Comprehension (cont’d) Pattern-building is essential. It includes using past experiences with similar perceived elements to ascertain the probability that the current unknown situation parallels a past known situation. ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  22. Level 3: Projection Projection is the foundation for effective decision-making and SA. It requires the ability to see how the current perceived events will determine the future situation even within a dynamic environment. ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  23. Projection (cont’d) Possible projection errors can arise out of: 1) Application of a good corrective action based on an erroneous picture 2) Implementation of an incorrect action based on the correct situational picture 5 5) Jones, D. G and Endsley, M. R. (1996, June). Sources of situation awareness errors in aviation. Aviation Space Environmental Medicine, 1996, 67: 507-12. ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  24. Summary As a pilot grows in their ability to identify relevant information and process that information into a true understanding of the current environment, the better they will become at establishing and maintaining a comprehensive 4-dimensional (space and time) situational picture – known as situation awareness. ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  25. Illustration The following is a graphic illustration of the interacting elements influencing how a pilot ascertains and maintains Situation Awareness in the aviation environment. ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  26. Pilots work with a system which consists of the ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  27. Pilots work with a system which consists of the pilot, ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  28. Pilots work with a system which consists of the pilot, aircraft, Aircraft System ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  29. Pilots work with a system which consists of the pilot, aircraft, external factors, Aircraft System External Environment ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  30. Pilots work with a system which consists of the pilot, aircraft, external factors and crew. Aircraft System External Environment Crew ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  31. Pilots attempt to ascertain adequate situation awareness by interacting with all these elements. But certain factors influence a pilot’s ability to perceive. These factors act like a filter. Aircraft System External Environment Crew ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  32. Mental Models • Pilots attempt to ascertain adequate situation awareness by interacting with all these elements. But certain factors influence a pilot’s ability to perceive. These factors act like a filter. • Mental models • Training • Experience • Abilities • Goals • Expectations Aircraft System Training Experience Abilities Goals Expectations External Environment Crew ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  33. Mental Models Pilots interact with the aircraft through: Aircraft System Training Experience Abilities Goals Expectations External Environment Crew ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  34. Mental Models • Pilots interact with the aircraft through: • Vigilance • Attention • Perception Vigilance Aircraft System Attention Training Perception Experience Abilities Goals Expectations External Environment Crew ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  35. Mental Models Furthermore, the aircraft delivers valuable information or data. Vigilance Aircraft System Attention Training Perception Experience Abilities Goals Expectations External Environment Crew ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  36. Mental Models Furthermore, the aircraft delivers valuable information or data. Vigilance Aircraft System Attention Training Perception Experience Data Abilities Goals Expectations External Environment Crew ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  37. Mental Models Aircraft system data include: Vigilance Aircraft System Attention Training Perception Experience Data Abilities Goals Expectations External Environment Crew ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  38. Mental Models • Aircraft system data include: • Spatial variables • Corollary relationships • Time lag changes in variables Vigilance Aircraft System Attention Training Perception Experience Data Spatial variables Corollary relationships Time lag changes in variables Abilities Goals Expectations External Environment Crew ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  39. Mental Models The external environment includes Vigilance Aircraft System Attention Training Perception Experience Data Abilities Goals Expectations External Environment Crew ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  40. Mental Models • The external environment includes: • ATC instructions • Weather Vigilance Aircraft System Attention Training Perception Experience Data Abilities ATC Instructions Goals Expectations External Environment Weather Crew ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  41. Mental Models Finally, fellow crew play an important role in developing situation awareness. Vigilance Aircraft System Attention Training Perception Experience Data Abilities ATC Instructions Goals Expectations External Environment Weather Crew ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  42. Mental Models Two-way communication is vital for successful situation awareness. Vigilance Aircraft System Attention Training Perception Experience Data Abilities ATC Instructions Goals Expectations External Environment Weather Communication Crew ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  43. Mental Models There are multiple elements that can degrade these interactions. Vigilance Aircraft System Attention Training Perception Experience Data Abilities ATC Instructions Goals Expectations External Environment Weather Communication Crew ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  44. Mental Models Workload, Vigilance Aircraft System Attention Training Perception Experience Data Abilities ATC Instructions Goals Expectations External Environment Weather Communication Crew ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  45. Mental Models Workload, fatigue Vigilance Aircraft System Attention Training Perception Experience Data Abilities ATC Instructions Goals Expectations External Environment Weather Communication Crew ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  46. Mental Models Workload, fatigue and personal issues Vigilance Aircraft System Attention Training Perception Experience Data Abilities ATC Instructions Goals Expectations External Environment Weather Communication Crew ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  47. Mental Models Workload, fatigue and personal issues effect how a pilot maintains vigilance, activates attention and processes perception. Vigilance Aircraft System Attention Training Perception Experience Data Abilities ATC Instructions Goals Expectations External Environment Weather Communication Crew ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  48. Mental Models Similarly, data transferring back to the pilot is effected by Vigilance Aircraft System Attention Training Perception Experience Data Abilities ATC Instructions Goals Expectations External Environment Weather Communication Crew ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  49. Mental Models Similarly, data transferring back to the pilot is effected by the userinterface, Vigilance Aircraft System Attention Training Perception Experience Data Abilities ATC Instructions Goals Expectations External Environment Weather Communication Crew ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

  50. Mental Models Similarly, data transferring back to the pilot is effected by the user interface, malfunctions Vigilance Aircraft System Attention Training Perception Experience Data Abilities ATC Instructions Goals Expectations External Environment Weather Communication Crew ERAU ASCI 634 Daniel Sweet Aviation Situation Awareness

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