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Situation Awareness

Situation Awareness. Endsley (1995a) Endsley (1995b) Jones & Endley (1996) Wickens (2008). What is it?. Knowing what’s going on

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Situation Awareness

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  1. Situation Awareness Endsley (1995a) Endsley (1995b) Jones & Endley (1996) Wickens (2008)

  2. What is it? • Knowing what’s going on • “Situation awareness is the perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status in the near future” (Endsley 1995a) • It’s not: • Action or performance • Long-term memory knowledge • “The product of SA is not the same as the process of updating situation awareness” (Wickens 2008)

  3. Three Levels of SA • Level 1 SA: Perception of the Elements in the Environment • Level 2 SA: Comprehension of the Current Situation • Level 3 SA: Projection of Future Status

  4. Situation Awareness Concepts • Elements • Specific set of elements to perceive and understand • Time • “SA is not necessarily acquired instantaneously but is built up over time” (Endsley 1995a) • Space • The environment that an element is in

  5. Model of SA in Decision Making

  6. Model of SA in Decision Making • Many things feed into SA • State of the environment • Goals & Objectives • Information Processing • Displays, interface, etc. • Expectations • “They will process the information faster if it is in agreement with those expectations and will be more likely to make an error if it is not (Endsley 1995a)

  7. How do we measure SA? • Physiological Techniques? • Performance Measures? • Global Measures? • External Task Measures? • Imbedded Task Measures? • Self Rating? • Observer Rating? • Questionnaires? • On-line Questionnaires?

  8. How do we measure SA? • Freeze Technique or Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) • Freeze the task at random times • Ask the operator questions relating to their SA • Questions can be asked up to 5-6 minutes after freezing the task

  9. Applications of SA • Measurement • Training • Error analysis • Prediction • Teamwork • Automation and Workload

  10. Errors in SA • “In aviation mishaps, failures in decision-making are cited as a causal factor in approximately 51.6% of all fatal accidents and 35.1% of non-fatal accidents, of the 80-85% of accidents which are generally attributed to human error…A high percentage are actually errors in situation awareness” (Jones & Endsley 1996) • Jones & Endsley (1996) performed a study to get an idea of SA error rates and causes

  11. Errors in SA • Level 1 Errors • Accounted for 76.3% of total errors • Data not available – 13.0% • Hard to discriminate or detect – 11.1% • Failure to monitor or observe data – 35.1% • Misperception – 8.7% • Memory Loss – 8.4%

  12. Errors in SA • Level 2 Errors • Accounted for 20.3% of total errors • Lack of or incomplete mental model – 6.9% • Use of incorrect mental model – 6.5% • Over-reliance on default values – 4.6% • Other – 2.3%

  13. Errors in SA • Level 3 Errors • Accounted for 3.4% of total errors • Lack of, or a poor, mental model – 0.4% • Over-projection of current trends – 1.1% • Other – 1.9%

  14. SA and the Test of Time • “The concept of situation awareness lies at the heart of the intersection between basic cognitive psychology and the applied science of human factors… [This] research, represent a critical contribution within which a growing body of research was integrated and served to stimulate a productive and useful corpus of human factors conclusions and further research. As automation continues to be imposed in human work environments, there is little doubt that the interest in how SA may degrade or be supported will continue to grow.” (Wickens 2008)

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