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Detectors & Measurements: How we do physics without seeing…

Detectors & Measurements: How we do physics without seeing…. Overview of Detectors and Fundamental Measurements: From Quarks to Lifetimes. Prof. Robin D. Erbacher University of California, Davis. References : R. Fernow, Introduction to Experimental Particle Physics, Ch. 14, 15

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Detectors & Measurements: How we do physics without seeing…

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  1. Detectors & Measurements: How we do physics without seeing… Overview of Detectors and Fundamental Measurements: From Quarks to Lifetimes Prof. Robin D. Erbacher University of California, Davis References: R. Fernow,Introduction to Experimental Particle Physics, Ch. 14, 15 D. Green, The Physics of Particle Detectors, Ch. 13 http://pdg.lbl.gov/2004/reviews/pardetrpp.pdf Lectures from CERN, Erbacher, Conway, …

  2. The Standard Model A Higgs field interacts as well, giving particles their masses. H The SM states that: The world is made up of quarks and leptons that interact by exchanging bosons. 35 times heavier than b quark Lepton Masses:Me<M<M ; M~0.* Quark Masses:Mu ~ Md < Ms < Mc< Mb << Mt

  3. Particle Reactions Time • Idealistic View: • Elementary Particle Reaction • Usually cannot “see” the reaction itself • To reconstruct the process and the particle properties, need maximum information about end-products

  4. Complicated Collisions

  5. Rare Collision Events Rare Events, such as Higgs production, are difficult to find! Need good detectors, triggers, readout to reconstruct the mess into a piece of physics. Time Cartoon by Claus Grupen, University of Seigen

  6. We don’t use bubble chambers anymore!

  7. Global Detector Systems • Overall Design Depends on: • Number of particles • Event topology • Momentum/energy • Particle identity  No single detector does it all…  Create detector systems Collider Geometry Fixed Target Geometry • “full” solid angle d coverage • Very restricted access • Limited solid angle (d coverage (forward) • Easy access (cables, maintenance)

  8. Ideal Detectors End products • An “ideal” particle detector would provide… • Coverage of full solid angle, no cracks, fine segmentation (why?) • Measurement of momentum and energy • Detection, tracking, and identification of all particles (mass, charge) • Fast response: no dead time (what is dead time?) • However, practical limitations: Technology, Space,Budget

  9. Individual Detector Types Modern detectors consist of many different pieces of equipment to measure different aspects of an event. Measuring a particle’s properties: • Position • Momentum • Energy • Charge • Type

  10. Particle Decay Signatures Particles are detected via their interaction with matter. Many types of interactions are involved, mainly electromagnetic. In the end, always rely on ionization and excitation of matter.

  11. “Jets” Jet (jet) n. a collimated spray of high energy hadrons Quarks fragment into many particles to form a jet, depositing energy in both calorimeters. Jet shapes narrower at high ET.

  12. Modern Collider Detectors • the basic idea is to measure charged particles, photons, jets, missing energy accurately • want as little material in the middle to avoid multiple scattering • cylinder wins out over sphere for obvious reasons!

  13. b quark jets high pT muon missing ET b-quark lifetime: c ~ 450m  b quarks travel ~3 mm before decay q jet 1 q jet 2 CDF Top PairEvent

  14. CDF Top PairEvent

  15. Particle Detection Methods Signature Detector Type Particle Jet of hadrons Calorimeter u, c, tWb, d, s, b, g ‘Missing’ energy Calorimeter e, ,  Electromagnetic shower, Xo EM Calorimeter e,, We Purely ionization interactions, dE/dx Muon Absorber ,  Decays,c ≥ 100m Si tracking c, b, 

  16. Aleph at LEP (CERN)

  17. PID = Particle ID (TOF, C, dE/dx) v Particle Identification Methods Constituent Si Vertex Track PID Ecal Hcal Muon electron primary    — — Photon primary — —  — — u, d, gluon primary  —   — Neutrino — — — — — — s primary     — c, b,  secondary     —  primary  — MIP MIP  MIP = Minimum Ionizing Particle

  18. Quiz: Decays of a Z boson Z bosons have a very short lifetime, decaying in ~10-27 s, so that only decay particles are seen in the detector. By looking at these detector signatures, identify the daughters of the Z boson. But some daughters can also decay: More Fun with Z Bosons, Click Here!

  19. CDF Schematic

  20. Geometry of CDF • calorimeter is arranged in projective “towers” pointing at the interaction region • most of the depth is for the hadronic part of the calorimeter

  21. Endwall Calorimeter Central Outer Tracker Silicon Vertex Detector New Endplug Calorimeter CDF Run 2 Detector

  22. QCD Di-Jet Event, Calorimeter Unfolded Central/Plug Di-Jet

  23. Unfolded Top/anti-Top Candidate Run 1 Event

  24. Unfolded Top/anti-Top Candidate Run 2 Event

  25. Call ‘em Spectrometers • a “spectrometer” is a tool to measure the momentum spectrum of a particle in general • one needs a magnet, and tracking detectors to determine momentum: • helical trajectory deviates due to radiation E losses, spatial inhomogeneities in B field, multiple scattering, ionization • Approximately:

  26. Magnets for 4 Detectors Solenoid Toroid + Large homogeneous field inside - Weak opposite field in return yoke - Size limited by cost - Relatively large material budget + Field always perpendicular to p + Rel. large fields over large volume + Rel. low material budget - Non-uniform field - Complex structural design • Examples: • Delphi: SC, 1.2 T, 5.2 m, L 7.4 m • L3: NC, 0.5 T, 11.9 m, L 11.9 m • CMS: SC, 4 T, 5.9 m, L 12.5 m • Example: • ATLAS: Barrel air toroid, SC, ~1 T, 9.4 m, L 24.3 m

  27. Charge and Momentum Two ATLAS toroid coils Superconducting CMS Solenoid Design

  28. Charge and Momentum

  29. S = Solenoid! CMS at CERN

  30. CMS Muon Chambers

  31. CMS Spectrometer Details • 12,500 tons (steel, mostly, for the magnetic return and hadron calorimeter) • 4 T solenoid magnet • 10,000,000 channels of silicon tracking (no gas) • lead-tungstate electromagnetic calorimeter • 4π muon coverage • 25-nsec bunch crossing time • 10 Mrad radiation dose to inner detectors • ...

  32. CMS: All Silicon Tracker All silicon: pixels and strips! 210 m2 silicon sensors 6,136 thin detectors (1 sensor) 9,096 thick detectors (2 sensors) 9,648,128 electronics channels

  33. Possible Future at the ILC: SiD All silicon sensors: pixel/strip tracking “imaging” calorimeter using tungsten with Si wafers

  34. Fixed Target Spectrometers Coming next time…

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