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China

China. A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away…. Geographic Barriers. Most isolated of ERVCs Chinese called their country the Middle Kingdom (the center of the earth). Protected on all sides: North  Gobi Desert South  deserts & jungles East  ocean Southwest  Himalaya Mountains.

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China

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  1. China A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away…

  2. Geographic Barriers Most isolated of ERVCs Chinese called their country the Middle Kingdom (the center of the earth). Protected on all sides: North Gobi Desert South deserts & jungles East ocean Southwest Himalaya Mountains

  3. RIVERS! • Huang He (Yellow River): called the River of Sorrows because it flooded and destroyed crops. It was called “yellow” because of the yellow topsoil (loess). • Yangzi: farther south than the Huang He. The fertile valley between the two rivers remains the most populated part of the world.

  4. Characteristics & Achievements • Pagoda: multi- storied Buddhist temple with eaves that curve up. This Chinese style of temple was copied by the Japanese. • Li Bo: most famous Tang poet wrote about harmony

  5. Characteristics & Achievements • Chinese Characters- over 10,000 characters used (not an ALPHABET). Each character represents an idea or word. Calligraphy developed into an art form. • Silk- by 1000 BC Chinese discovered how to make silk from cocoons of silkworms. Silk became a valuable export.

  6. Dynasties Shang 1766 BC to 1026 BC (740 years) Second Chinese dynasty Only the rulers could “talk” with the gods

  7. Zhou (JOH) Dynasty • 1027 BC to 256 BC (770 years) • Cruelty of last Shang Emperor prompted change… • Feudalism • Growth & Prosperity: • Commerce/use of coins • Silk making / silk road

  8. Mandate of Heaven/Dynastic Cycle • Idea used by the Zhou Rulers to JUSTIFY the change in dynasties. • It links the success of emperors to the will of the gods. • If there are problems it means that the gods want the dynasty to change.

  9. Chinese Philosophies & Religion Confucianism-Daoism-Legalism

  10. Confucius (550 BC) • Philosophy to ensure SOCIAL ORDER & GOOD GOVERNMENT • 5 RELATIONSHIPS resulting in harmony • #1 duty Respect of parents (filial piety) • Ruler should inspire by good example • Confucianism spread throughout China/Korea/Japan

  11. Legalism • Hanfeizi / 233 BC • Nature of man is evil and only strict laws and harsh penalties will assure order. • Ruler ALONE possesses power • Official policy of the Qin Dynasty- unofficially followed by absolute rulers throughout history.

  12. Daoism • Laozi / 550 BC • To achieve harmony in NATURE avoid conflicts with “unnatural” ways of society. • Governments are “unnatural” and the cause of problems. • “Accepted” by hermits, artists & poets- never by rulers.

  13. Zheng becomes QIN Shi Huangdi 1st emperor of “China”

  14. Qin Dynasty (the cycle continues…) • After 221 BC Zheng of Qin unified small warring states • Zheng changed name to Qin Shi Huangdi (1st Emperor of CHINA) • Absolute Ruler believed in LEGALISM (strict laws/harsh penalties • Crackdown on dissent- BURNED Confucian scholars & books • Effects of Qin: China united – 2250 years • Qin used as a model of HOW NOT TO RULE

  15. Qin Dynasty Achievements Built Great Wall Tomb with terra cotta soldiers Standardized - weights - money - language - writing - built roads & canals

  16. Han Dynasty: 206 BC-220 AD • Restored order, justice, and Confucianism • Emperor Wudi: • Expanded empire beyond the wall • Territories: • Manchuria, Korea, & Vietnam • Expanded Silk Road to Middle East (cultural diffusion) • Instigated Civil Service Exams for government jobs (still in effect today).

  17. Golden Age of the Han(A Golden Age is when a civilization makes significant cultural achievements- including ARTISTIC & LITERARY achievements) • Significant cultural achievements during the Han Dynasty: • Acupuncture • Paper • Ship rudder • Fishing reels • Wheel barrows Fall of the Han: by 220 AD the empire grew weak & was replaced by many smaller kingdoms. China was DIVIDED for nearly 400 YEARS(220 AD to 618 AD).

  18. Horrible Histories: Challenging China!(Click to open)

  19. Two Golden Ages in China: Tang & Song Dynasties

  20. Tang Dynasty • Around 618 AD Li Shimin took control of China under the name TANG TAIZONG. • Reunited China and expanded into Central Asia. • Weakened the power of local lords through land reform, which distributed land to peasants. • The Grand Canal connected the Huang He (yellow river) and the Yangzi rivers. • The Tang dynasty lasted until 907 (300 years).

  21. Song Dynasty (960-1279) • Controlled less territory than the Tang Dynasty. • Considered part of the Golden Age of China. • Switch from wheat (north) to rice (south) farming. • Trade flourished.

  22. Chinese Society • The "gentry" (wealthy landowning class) studied to pass the civil service exams (Confucian classics). • Ideal ruler was a wise, virtuous scholar who knew how to ensure peace and harmony. • Peasants lived in small communities. • Merchants were considered LOW on social scale because their wealth came from the work of others. • Practice of footbinding reinforced idea that women should stay at home. (Many could not walk without help).

  23. MONGOLS 1260-1368

  24. Genghis Khan (Temujin) • Mongol chieftain that created the world’s LARGEST (size & pop.) empire, stretching from the Pacific to Eastern Europe. • Hordes of skilled horsemen overwhelmed Chinese. • Used cannons & missiles. • Genghis Khan did not live to see the completion of empire expansion. His heirs conquered China.

  25. Kublai Khan • Grandson of Genghis Khan. • Conquered China and set up the Yuan dynasty. • Established the capital Cambulac (now Beijing). • Visited by Marco Polo for 17 years. • Trade & writings of Marco Polo brought European attention to China.

  26. The Golden Horde • The Mongols (Golden Horde) ruled Russia for 240 years • Model of absolute power for later Russian rulers • Cut off Russia from rest of Europe • PaxMongolica- Period of peace during the 1200s & 1300s • Mongols were ousted from China in 1368

  27. Mongol Empire at it Greatest Size 1294 AD Largest Empire EVER to Exist

  28. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) • In 1368 Zhu Yuanzhang led a rebellion to end Mongol rule. • Return to CHINESE way of life: • Confucianism • Civil Service System • Agricultural Advancements (MORE FOOD) • Repaired roads & canals • Expanded trade

  29. Voyages of Zheng He (Chinese Columbus- 1405) Chinese explorer that made 7 expeditions to southeast Asia / India and all the way to the Red Sea to promote trade. After his death China banned ocean travel to cut China off from the west. Columbus tried to re-kindle trade with China.

  30. Chinese Products

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