The Early & High Middle Ages

1. The Early & High Middle Ages

2. The Early Middle Ages • Timeframe: 500-1,000 CE • Important people: Clovis, Charles Martel, & Charlemagne • Important places: Europe • Important things: Catholic church - extremely powerful - dominated all aspects of life. Feudalism…nobles, knights, & peasants.

3. The Fall of the Roman Empire Riddled with social, economic, and political problems, the territories in the Roman Empire fell from invasions.

4. New Germanic Kingdoms • When W. Rome fell in 476 CE, Germanic invaders carved up Western Europe into small kingdoms. • Franks = France • Visigoths = Spain • Ostrogoths = Italy • Anglo-Saxons = England • Byzantium Empire = Eastern Roman Empire

5. The Franks • Only one German kingdom proved long lasting…The Franks • Frankish kingdom was established by Clovis • Strong military leader • 1st Germanic ruler to convert to Christianity (500 AD) • Gained the support of Roman Catholic Church.

6. The Franks • *Made Vikings part of European society by settling them and converting them to Christianity. • By 510, Clovis had created a powerful new kingdom that stretched from Pyrenees in the SW (in Spain) to modern day France & W. Germany. Tomb of Clovis at the Basilica of St. Denis in the suburbs of Paris.

7. The Muslim World • By 622 Islam had spread and was a growing huge empire • Muslim armies overran Palestine, N. Africa, and Spain.

8. As the Islamic caliphates pushed over the Pyrenees Mtnsin Spain and deeper into W. Europe , they were stopped by… • Charles Martel in the Battle of Tours in 732 • This is significant b/c • it kept Muslims • out of Europe • except in Spain. Charles Martel

9. Age of Charlemagne • In the 800s, Charlemagne reunited much of Europe. • Set up a strong efficient government (model) • He revived learning • Extended Christian civilization into northern Europe • Further blended German, Roman, and Christian traditions • After Charlemagne died, his heirs battled for power • In 843, they split the empire into three regions.

10. Summary Write a summary of this section using 4-5 sentences.

11. Feudalism • Feudalism is a social system based on mutual obligations between lords, vassals & serfs. • Feudalism emerged b/c people needed protection from competing interests and invasions. • Feudalism created a strict order in medieval society. • The heart of feudalism – vassalage, which meant warriors swore loyalty to a lord, who in turn took care of their needs. Serfs/Peasants Farm land/provided shelter

12. Feudalism Monarch Lords Lesser Lords Knights Peasants

13. Knights • Knights adopted a code of conduct called Chivalry • Which required them to be brave, loyal, and true to their word • In warfare to fight fairly and be generous to their enemies • Rules in chivalry applied to nobles only (not commoners).

14. Peasant Life • Peasants made up the majority of medieval society • They lived and worked on the lord’s estate or manor • Most peasants on the manor were serfs • Were bound to the land • In theory they were guaranteed food, housing and land.

15. Peasant Life • Daily life • Avg life span was 35 yrs • Everyone worked • No school or learning • Simple diet of black bread & few veggies • Believed in elves, fairies, love potions, and magic charms • Priests tried to Christianize them

16. The Medieval Church After the fall of Rome, the Christian Church split into eastern & western churches. The western church, became known as the Roman Catholic Church • It was thee most powerful secular force in medieval Europe • The pope claimed authority over all men • Taught all men were sinners and doomed unless saved through Sacraments • Taught that men and women were equal before God • But on Earth women were inferior to men • Had it’s own law and courts (Canon Law) • Could excommunicateviolators – exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as penalty for refusing to obey Church laws. • Nobles and Kings could be interdicted – excommunicate an entire region, town, or kingdom.

17. The Medieval Church • As the Church became stronger and wealthier, it also became corrupt • Clergy tended to be worldly and lived in luxury • Monks and nuns ignored their vows • The Church was the Center of Daily Life • Monasteries & convents performed a vital cultural function by preserving the learning of the ancient world. • Benedictine rule 530AD • Oath of poverty • Vows of chastity • Obedience to the abbot • Hard work was of spiritual value

18. Eastern Roman Empire AKA – The Byzantine Empire • Capital city: Constantinople • Trade & knowledge flourished in Constantinople due to its location as a meeting point between India/Asia & Europe.

19. Eastern Roman Empire Justinian – most notable emperor in 552 • Restored Roman empire during his reign. From N. Africa to Asia Minor. • Most important contribution – codified Roman law which became the basis for much of the legal system in Europe • Greatest achievement – built the famous Hagia Sophia in 537– the Church of Holy Wisdom

20. Eastern Roman Empire

21. Eastern Roman Empire

22. Eastern Roman Empire Theodora • Empress & Justinian’s wife • Championed women’s rights • Women can divorce, keep children, & own property. • Laws against beating wives • Responsible for keeping Justinian in power when under attack by riots

23. Summary Write a summary of this section using 4-5 sentences.

24. Agricultural Revolution • Wood plows pulled by oxen (broke & slow)  Iron plows pulled by horses (stronger & faster)

25. Agricultural Revolution • Windmills were invented – they grind large quantities of grain into flour

26. Agricultural Revolution 3. The three field system One w/ grains, one w/ legumes, and one fallow. when fallow, soil has time to replenish

27. Agricultural Revolution Resultsof the Agricultural Revolution…. • More food  More population More than doubled between the years 1,000-1,300 CE

28. European Trade Revives • Merchants set up routes with armed caravans • Trade fairs help create new towns • Artisans made goods for the traders • Cities slowly grew • The most prosperous in N. Italy & Flanders

29. European Trade Revives • Charters • From the king or lord • Townspeople could control their own affairs • Anyone living in the town for 1 year + 1 day was free!!! • Put new ideas into circulation & greatly expanded the middle class

30. Economic & Social Changes Economic Changes • Money reappeared • The need for capital created banking houses • Partnerships developed • Insurance underwriting began • Bill of exchange Social changes • Most lords needed money to buy goods • Many serfs began to sell goods to the towns • Paying their lords in cash instead of trade • By 1300, most serfs were now tenant farmers or hired laborers Denier (Penny in English, Pfennig in German, Denaro in Italian)

31. Workers Guilds Guilds • Merchant & craft guilds dominated life in towns • Membership was a three step process • Apprentice - age 7 or 8 for seven years • Journeymen.....most did not make master • Master

32. Medieval Towns

33. Medieval Towns • Grew in a haphazard manner • Jumble of narrow streets & tall buildings • No street lighting • Noisy during the day deserted at night • Had no garbage or sewer so waste went into the streets • Towns were filthy, smelly, noisy & crowded

34. Effects of Trade • Put new ideas and products into circulation • Reintroduced money • Revised social structure • Kings had more power • Growing middle class • Serfs changed to free peasants • Sets the stage for the Renaissance

35. Summary Write a summary of this section using 4-5 sentences.

36. Timeframe: 1050 – 1450 CE • Important places/people/things: • England King John, MagnaCarta, Parliament • FrancePhilip II & Luis IV • Holy Roman Empire Pope Innocent III • Crusades1095-1204, 7 total • Black Death #s, social, & econ effects • Hundred Years War France vs. England The High Middle Ages

37. The High Middle Ages1050-1450 CE Strong monarchs in England & France used various means to centralize power • Set up system of royal justice • Created a gov’t bureaucracy • Tax systems • Standing armies • Worked w/ the new middle class

38. In England: New Political Traditions Evolved • Common law • Henry II sent out traveling justices to enforce royal law • Their decisions became the basis for… • The jury system • The justices formed groups of men to determine which cases should be heard (grand jury) • Evolved into jury by peers

39. In England: New Political Traditions Evolved • Magna Carta in 1215 • King John was forced to sign it in1215 • It stated that nobles had certain rights • The king couldn’t raise new taxes w/o 1st consulting The Great Council (lords & clergy)

40. In England: New Political Traditions Evolved • Parliament • The Great Council evolved into parliament • In 1295, Edward I added common people to the council • Parliament became bicameral • House of Lords & House of Commons

41. In France: Strong leaders built an efficient centralized bureaucracy • Philip Augustus of France • Used paid middle class officials • Chartered many new towns • Organized a standing army • Introduced a nat’ltax • Quadrupled royal land holdings

42. In France: Strong leaders built an efficient centralized bureaucracy • Louis IX • Lived by the rules of Chivalry • Persecuted heretics, Jews and Muslims • Expanded royal courts • Outlawed private wars • Ended serfdom in his lands

43. In France: Strong leaders built an efficient centralized bureaucracy • Phillip IV • Clashed with Pope Boniface VIII so he Killed him & moved the new pope to France • Set up the Estates General - had representatives from all three estates or classes: • Clergy • Nobles • Townspeople

44. Church Supremacy • Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II • Preoccupied with power struggles with the Church • Was forced to give in to demands of the German nobles • The nobles’ increasing independence made it impossible to unify Germany’s many feudal states. • *Pope Innocent III .…1198 • Led Church to the height of power and prestige • Keep strict control over the clergy • Claimed supremacy over all other rulers • Led a crusade against the Albigensians in S. France

45. Summary Summarize your notes using four to five sentences.

46. The Crusades 1095 to 1204 • Byzantine Empire • Seljuk Turks (Muslims) extended their power over Palestine and attacked Christian pilgrims • Alexius I sent and urgent plea for help to Urban II • Western Europeans were unaware of advanced civilizations in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. • *Urged on by Pope Urban • 1000’s joined the Crusades • *Why did they go? • Religious reasons • Win wealth and land • Escape troubles at home • For adventure

47. The Crusades 1095 to 1204 Seven Crusades • 1st 1095-1099 Brought Jerusalem under the Christain crusaders control

48. The Crusades 1095 to 1204 Seven Crusades • 2nd1147-49 Epic fail Then in 1187… Muslim forces began to fight back… Holy City of Jerusalem fell to Muslim forces under the leader, Saladin

49. The Crusades 1095 to 1204 Seven Crusades • 3rd 1188-1192 King Richard the Lionhearted of England negotiated w/ Saladin, Christians permitted to visit Jerusalem • 4th 1202-1204 Looted Constantinople • 5th 1217-1221 • 6th1228-1239 • 7th1248-1250

50. The Crusades 1095 to 1204 • *The Reconquista • Spain expelled the Muslims from their land • Created a unified state under King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella • Spain was broke afterwards so they hired Columbus in 1492 to search for new land and riches.