NOBEL Technical Audit WP3 Objectives & Achievements February 7, 2005

1. NOBEL Technical AuditWP3 Objectives & AchievementsFebruary 7, 2005 Workpackage 3 Advanced Burst/Packet Switching [v5d] Gert Eilenberger

2. WP3 Objectives • Develop optical burst/packet switching techniques for high throughput core networks (e.g. terabit routers) and flexible, effective metro networks adopting data centric protocols (e.g. GEth) • Allow for evolution from wavelength (circuit) switched to burst/packet switched optical networks: exploit improved statistical multiplexing for lower overall port numbers to achieve lower cost. • Define network and node architectures to cope with data traffic profiles evolution (connectionless, bursty traffic, link to traffic characterization activities in WP1) and traffic volume increase (>10 Tbit/s per node) • Exploit transparent opt. wavelength/burst/packet switching to reduce excessive electronic processing for reduced overall cost (link to WP5 for feasibility of burst/packet compatible transmission)

3. WP3 Objectives • Optimal balance between optical and electronic technologies in terms of performance and cost (links to WP7, 8) • Requirements and specifications for CP extensions specific to burst/packet techniques (link to WP4) • Novel network management functions adapted for optical burst/packet networks to provide configuration and fault management functions (in particular performance monitoring, protection and restoration). • End-to-End QoS support in opt. burst/packet layer (reservation, allocation, signalling, signal regeneration etc.) • Elaborate possible extensions and/or evolution of standards

4. WP3 Partners Contributing partners (total manpower for 2 years): • Telecom Italia Lab 22 MM • Alcatel SEL AG (WP3 coordinator) 24 MM • Alcatel CIT 24 MM • Lucent Nederland BV 6 MM • Marconi ONDATA 2 MM • Siemens 24 MM • Telefonica 5 MM • FhG-HHI 32 MM • IMEC 12 MM • UCL 18 MM • IKR - University of Stuttgart 10 MM • UPC 41 MM • (NTUA) 8.3 MM • TOTAL 228.3 MM

5. WP3 Points of Strength 2004 • Data Plane: Definition of requirements and traffic profiles for burst/packet networks and nodes • Data Plane: First solutions for burst, packet and hybrid network architectures • Control Plane: First concepts on architectures and functions specific for burst/packet networks • Requirements and assessment of technologies for optical and opto-electronic burst/packet switching solutions • D4 and D16 (due in Feb 05) give preliminary results on • Definition of advanced burst/packet and hybrid circuit/burst/packet network and node architectures to cope with the evolution trends towards data centric networks

6. WP3 Headlines and Key Messages • Motivation for burst/packet switching in transport networks • Convergence layer for TDM and IP required • Targeted network architectures (issues in core and metro) • Core: Convergent networks for TDM and IP • Metro: Packet (Eth) dominated solutions • OBS/OPS network scenarios and solutions: • Buffer limited packet network, Data Plane & CP issues, TCP over OBS • Hybrid circuit/burst/packet network scenarios and solutions • ORION, APSON, G.709 FS, WR-OBS • Technologies (optics vs. electronics): • all-optical solutions not mature yet

7. WP3 Migration Scenarios BS over dyn. l WR-OBS APSON ORION G.709 FS OBS/OPS Static l Dyn. l time Field deployment 2015 Product status Research lab status 2010 2005 “From semi-static to dynamically reconfigurable optical networks” technology

8. WP3 Data Plane Aspects Network & node architectures, solutions for core and metro (1) • OCS network scenarios and solutions: • Multi-granular OXCs combine wavelength switching, waveband switching, and fibre switching to reduce port count • New network architecture to converge circuit, packet and flow switching • Burstification by concatenation of packets (slotted approach) • Buffer limited network concept • New techniques for the best effort traffic to improve the packet loss rate • Several optical packet cross-connect architectures are under study and benchmarking against other architectures (e.g. IST-DAVID). Study on both opto-electronic and all-optical solutions. • Optical Node architectures • Comprehensive analysis of SOA based broadcast and select architecture • Impact of noise, crosstalk, SOA saturation and dynamics on node size, cascadability • Impact of modulation formats (NRZ, RZ, RZ-DPSK) • Limits of effective throughput due to physical impairments and burst losses • Analysis of AWG based architecture

9. WP3 Data Plane Aspects Network & node architectures, solutions for core and metro (2) • Hybrid circuit/burst switching solutions • APSON concept (Adaptive Path Switched Optical Network) • Design options and QoS concepts for APSON (preliminary analysis and evaluation) • Migration concept via APSON to OBS/OPS networks • ORION: combining packet and circuit switching • Node level simulations with different traffic statistics • Re-ordering when overspilling on packet-per-packet basis • Overspill per flow • Develop and evaluate different algorithms • Planned: lightpath re-entry (Even less packet handling, more complex control) • G.709 Frame Switching concept • Opto-electronic approach for circuit and burst switching in the same node • Reduced processing effort for packet type traffic • New L2 functionalities: Bypass switching of transit traffic, protection, restoration, QoS • Good scalability towards Terabit/s nodes for future IP dominated transport networks • WR-OBS architecture • Wavelength routing of bursts • Centralized control node employing two-way reservation • Providing QoS guarantees

10. WP3 Data Plane Aspects Traffic aggregation and performance of OBS networks • Traffic models for OBS networks • Different aggregation levels • Single wavelength per burst assembly queue • Multiple wavelengths per burst assembly queue • Impact of long-range dependence in OBS traffic • Analysis of burst aggregation strategies in OBS networks • Extension of studies and analysis on • Burstification algorithms and resulting burst size distributions and burst arrival rates • Traffic models and traffic characterization in OBS edge nodes • First concepts for reduction of blocking probabilities in OBS networks • End-to-end performance analysis for OBS networks • Preliminary analytical study assuming full wavelength conversion capability • Analysis of QoS differentiation techniques for OBS • Offset time based and preemption based • Impact of OBS on TCP performance • Impact of deflection routing • Effect of reordering and influence on different TCP flavours • Effect of burst loss probability on TCP performance, depending on the number of users generating traffic

11. WP3 Control and Management Aspects • Control Plane for Burst/Packet networks (GMPLS applied to OBS) • Existing CP and MP architectures and functions, potential extensions of standards • Study of potential solutions for the Control Plane in OBS networks: Adaptation of current routing and signaling protocols (GMPLS) to OBS. • Labeled optical burst switching • Signaling issues • Analysis of one-way and two-way reservation techniques • Effect of reservation techniques on TCP throughput • Novel control & management functions for optical burst/packet networks • Routing in OBS networks: Development of a burst routing strategy on top of a MPLS like connection-oriented optical network (under study). • Routing in OPS networks: Design and evaluation of two different routing algorithms for OPS networks, namely the Flow-multipath routing (MPLS like, connection-oriented) and the Packet-adaptive routing (connectionless) (under study). • QoS in optical burst/packet layer (reservation, allocation, signalling...) • A method for providing QoS in OBS networks was proposed. The method is called Burst Class Differentiation and consists of assigning different burst lengths and different burst contention resolution rules to the different classes of traffic (under study). • A scheme of different Service Categories (ATM like) for connection-oriented (MPLS like) OPS networks was proposed and evaluated.

12. WP3 Technology Aspects • Potential building blocks for OBS nodes • Assessment of switching techniques • MEMS (only for large bursts) • Fast optical switches (SOAs, LiNbO3 switch array, AWG + tunable lasers) • Realizations in optics • Requirements of optical devices for OBS networks • Assessment of technologies (optics vs. electronics) • All-optical OADM and OXC offer less functionality compared to O-E-O • Optical performance monitoring still unresolved • Upgrading from low-cost/slow reconfiguration to fast reconfiguration when advanced optical components become available • Opto-electronic Multi-Terabit packet switching • Electronic technologies for signal processing • Optical technologies for space switching (e.g. 40 Tbit/s optical space switching matrix, based on an integrated optical technology • Exploitation of WDM techniques to minimise the number of in line buffers

13. WP3 Interaction with other WPs • WP1: Provide inputs on burst/packet network scenarios and layering aspects to the NOBEL network vision. • WP2: Exchange info on Routing Management for burst/packet networks. • WP4: CP requirements/concepts to provide QoS in the new L2 burst/packet transport service. • WP6: Harmonization of burst/packet network and node architectures to be implemented by WP6. • WP7: Exchange of technology requirements and specifications for burst/packet nodes

14. WP3 Outlook for 2005 • Extension of preliminary results • Achieve a clear view on future advanced burst/packet network architectures • Quantify complexity/performance trade-offs in BS/PS networks • Roadmaps and evolution scenarios for their introduction • specify functional solutions in data, control and management plane (in particular for end-to-end QoS in burst/packet networks), • assess the underlying technologies for their potential implementation. • Contribute and impact future directions in standardisation activities on burst/packet networks from the viewpoint of a European network vision.

15. Backup slides

16. Targeted Network Architectures

17. Motivation for Burst/Packet Switching (1) Pure IP (IP backbone with big, fat routers) • Features: • No dedicated aggregation function (done in the router line card) • Point to point links • Best packet multiplexing and routing flexibility • Main issues = complexity and costs • Network Processor: Mio packets/s to handle • Many and complex protocols (control plane) • High speed memory + scheduling • High line card cost • Will reach scalability limits (equipment critical size/capacity) • Transit traffic has to be processed in each node Pure IP Edge Routers Core Router Future proof scenario?? (used here as reference)

18. Motivation for Burst/Packet Switching (2) Current generation crossconnects (SDH, OXC) • Features: • Aggregation router (traffic sink) • Packet over SONET (POS) interfaces • Point to point links, circuit switched • Sub-wavelength granularity switching (VC SONET/SDH hierarchy) • Main Issues: • Connectivity limitations (N2 problem; N= nb of nodes) • Low filling of the resources due to traffic partitioning • Virtual concatenation • Multi-hopping  rerouting of traffic in the IP layer • Need for finer granularities and dynamic reconfiguration IP/OXC Edge Routers IP router Cross Connect Difficult trade-off: connectivity vs. resource efficiency when choosing the granularity

19. IP/OXC Pure IP Edge Routers Edge Routers IP router Optical Cross Connect Core Router Motivation for Burst/Packet Switching (3) • Architecture options MSN IP/DXC Edge Routers Edge Routers Burstification unit IP router Burst Switch (service agnostic) SDH/SONET Cross Connect

20. Motivation for Burst/Packet Switching (4) • Multiplexing gain on network level

21. New Optical Network&Node Architectures • Buffer limited optical packet network architecture ACIT

22. New Optical Network&Node Architectures Two OPXC architectures Class-I Class-II ICCS

23. OPXC Nodes - Preliminary Conclusions • Modeling work has already started and will continue in the second year • Preliminary results indicate the following with respect to the aforementioned architectures: • Class-I, Total Transported Capacity (BER: 10-15no FEC): • 20 nodes x10Tb/s all-optical WCs • 10 nodes x10Tb/s o/e WCs • Class-II, Total Transported Capacity (BER: 10-15no FEC): • 5 nodes x10Tb/s all-optical WCs • 20 nodes x10Tb/s o/e WCs • Class-II o/e outperforms the O-O due to the inherent noise emission of the XPM-MZI of the latter. Class-I O-O has stepper non-linear transfer function.

24. SOA Based Optical Node Architectures • Broadcast & Select Node • Tune & Select Node

25. ORION: Combining Packets and Circuits • ORION functionality • ORION node architecture

26. APSON: Adaptive Path Switched ON • Migration concept via APSON to OBS/OPS networks

27. G.709 Frame Switching Concept • Aggregation of client packets into equally sized containers: G.709 Frames • Frame Aggregation Unit at network ingress and egress. • Switching of each individual G.709 frame. • Connection less forwarding. • Connection oriented bandwidth reservation and labeling. • Continuous G.709 OTUx connections on transmission links.

28. OLD slides To remember

29. WP3: Advanced Packet/Burst Switching Activities • A3.1 Optical core & metro burst/packet network & node architecture & evolution • A3.2 Optimal balance of opt. and el. technologies (transparency vs. O/E/O) • A3.3 Novel control & management functions for optical burst/packet networks • A3.4 QoS in optical burst/packet layer (reservation, allocation, signalling, regeneration) • A3.5 Contribution to possible extensions and/or evolution of standards

30. WP3: Advanced Packet/Burst Switching Deliverables • D4: “Requirements for burst/packet networks in core and metro supporting high quality broadband services over IP” (M4) • D16: “Preliminary definition of burst/packet network and node architectures and solutions” (M14) • D23: “Definition of hybrid opto-electronic burst/packet switching node structures and related management functions” (M20) • D16: “Preliminary report on feasibility studies on opto-electronic burst/packet switching nodes” (M24)