OBJECTIVES

2. OBJECTIVES • Learn how people lived in Ancient Sparta • Discover some results of the Persian invasion of Greece • Understand the conflicts that the Athenian empire faced

3. KEY TERMS • Sparta – a city state in ancient Greece • Helots – in ancient Sparta, the term for slaves who were owned by the state • Peloponnesian War – war fought between Athens and Sparta in ancient Greece; almost every other Greek city-state was involved in the war • Plague – a wide-spread disease • Blockage – an action take to isolate the enemy and cut off its supplies

5. EARLY SPARTA • In early days, Sparta similar to other Greek cities • In 600 B.C. wars inside/outside of the city led to changes in government and life • Changed Sparta into powerful war machine • Established one rule – Always put city’s needs above your own

6. LIVING IN SPARTA • Life in Athens free and open • Life for citizens of Sparta the opposite - harsh, cruel • Spartans tough, silent, grim • Only area in which Sparta matched Athens was in army, military realms

8. EARLY SPARTA • Early in history, Spartans conquered land around their city • Turned the conquered people into helots – slaves owned by the city-states • Helots farmed all Spartan land • Spartans free to wage war • However, helots far outnumbered Spartans

9. EARLY SPARTA • However, helots far outnumbered Spartans • In fear of revolt, Spartans turned city into armed camp and treated helots harshly

10. GROWING UP IN SPARTA • Life at the hands of the government • Only healthy children raised • Wanted only healthy adults in society

11. The Glory of Ancient Greece Athens and Sparta Chapter 7 – Section 2

12. GROWING UP MALE • At age 7, boys left home to live in barracks with other boys and begin military training • Training continued for next 13 years • By age 12, boys had spent long hours practicing with swords/spears • Owned one cloak and slept on thin mat

14. GROWING UP MALE • Through rigid discipline, boys became superior soldiers • When 20 years old, young men officially became soldiers and remained soldiers until 60 years old

15. GROWING UP MALE • At age 30, men took place in assembly – council consisting of all male citizens born in Sparta • Council approved decisions made by the council of elders, who, in turn, acted as advisors to the king

17. GROWING UP FEMALE • Girls also trained and competed in wrestling/spear throwing • Girls not expected to become soldiers • However, Spartans believed that strong/healthy girls would grow into strong/healthy women who would bore strong/healthy children • So, unlike other Greek women, Spartan women trained to exercise and build up strength

19. GROWING UP FEMALE • Spartan women had somewhat better life than other Greek city-state women • Allowed to own land, take part in business • However, like Athenian women, had to obey males (fathers, husbands, brothers) • Because men busy at war, women took on running farms & estates

20. SPARTAN ATTITUDES • Spartans did not mingle with other Greeks • Not permitted to travel • Looked down upon those desiring wealth/engaged in trade • Lacked interest in arts • However, Spartan warriors known for skill & bravery

21. SPARTAN ATTITUDES • However, Spartan warriors known for skill & bravery • Spartan fighting force played key role in Greek wars against Persians who lived across Aegean Sea, east of Greece

22. SPARTAN WARRIORS

23. THE PERSIANS INVADE • Most Greek history tell of wars Greeks fought amongst themselves • However in 400 B.C., Greeks put aside their differences, joined forces to defend their peninsula against Persia.

25. EXPANDING PERSIAN EMPIRE • Cyrus the Great had founded the Persian Empire in the mid-500s B.C. • Cyrus and the rulers who followed him extended the original empire • By 520 B.C., Persians had gained control of Greeks colonies on the west coast of Asia Minor

28. BATTLE AT MARATHON • In 490 B.C, force including thousands of Persians landed in Greece • Persian soldiers gathered at Marathon about 25 miles north of Athens • The Athenians hastily put together small army but Persians outnumbered them 2:1 • For several days, armies stared tensely at each across the plain of Marathon

29. BATTLE AT MARATHON • Without warning, Athenians rushed Persian who were overwhelmed at furious unexpected attack • By one (probably exaggerated) account, 6,400 Persians and 192 Athenians were killed • However, true that in short time, this time this tiny state had defeated the giant that had come to destroy it

31. LEGEND OF MARATHON • Stories say that after battle at marathon, Athenians sent fastest runner to tell people of Athenian’s victory. • With chest heaving runner covered the distance to the city and shouted to the people “Rejoice! We have won.” • Then, he dropped dead • Actual distance from marathon to Athens 25 miles; today’s marathons 26 miles in honor of legend

33. CONFLICT & ATHENIAN EMPIRE • More battles with Persian followed • As common enemy, Persia distracted Greek city-states from fighting one another • Briefly united, Greece drove away Persians

34. CONFLICT & ATHENIAN EMPIRE • Victory over Persians increased Greeks’ sense of own importance • Thought gods favored them • Athens emerged from war as move powerful city-state • Influence spread over eastern Greece.

35. CONFLICT & ATHENIAN EMPIRE • Athens joined other city-states in Delian League (name after island of Delos, where leagues treasury kept) • In time, these cities treated more as subordinates to Athens and not like allies • Athens came to dominate league and used it to create its own empire

36. CONFLICT & ATHENIAN EMPIRE • Ironically, while Athens expanding empire and forcing other city-states to bow to its will, Athens came to champion political freedom at home • Athens did support democratic groups within other city-states, but focus on freedom for its people • Years following Perisan Wars were Golden Age of Athens - Chapter 6

37. SPARTA AND ATHENS AT WAR • Athens may have been democracy at home but it began to act unfairly toward other city-states. • Early on allies paid tribute to Athens to protect them if Persia caused more trouble • Later, Athens moved treasure from Delos to Athens and used money intended to defend allies, to build Parthenon and finance other projects.

38. PELOPONNESIAN WAR • People began to fear & resent Athen’s power • Looked to Sparta, who had not joined alliance for protection • To counter Delian League, Sparta formed Peloponnesian League, named after Peloponnesus, the southern Greek peninsula where Sparta located • Sparta and allies fought Athens and allies

39. Thus began the Peloponnesian War which lasted for 27 years

40. PELOPONNESIAN WAR • Athens at great disadvantage in war • Sparta, located inland, could not be attacked from the sea • Spartans had to march north to attack Athens by land

42. PELOPONNESIAN WAR • When Sparta invaded Athens, Pericles let people from surrounding countryside move inside city walls • Overcrowded conditions led to plague • Plague lasted 5 years and killed 1/3 of the people, including Pericles • Power struggle of those who sought to take Pericles’ place resulted in further destabilization of the government.

44. THE FALL OF ATHENS • Athens never recovered from its loses during the plague • Worse yet, Sparta allied with Persia • In 405 B.C, Spartans and Persians staged blockade to cut off Athens's supplies • Spartans but off harbor for food shipments • Athenians, starved and decimated, surrendered in 404 B.C.

45. THE FALL OF ATHENS • Athenians, starved and decimated, surrendered in 404 B.C. • Victorious Spartans knocked down wall of Athens • Destroyed navy and empire • Athens never dominated Greek world again

48. THE SPREAD OF GREEK CULTURE Chapter 7 Section 3

49. OBJECTIVES • Learn how King Philip of Macedonia came to power and how Alexander the Great built his empire • Understand what role the conquests of Alexander the Great played in spreading Greek culture

50. Key Terms • Barbarian – person who belongs to a group that others consider wild • Assassinate – to murder for political reasons • Alexander the Great – king of Macedonia; conquered Persia and Egypt and invaded India • Hellenistic – describing Greek history or culture after the death of Alexander the Great, including the three main kingdoms formed by the breakup of Alexander’s empire