Chapter 12 Section 3

1. Chapter 12Section 3 The Protestant Reformation

2. Objectives: • Identify Erasmus • Explain Christian Humanism • Explain the role of Martin Luther in changing History • Analyze the events leading to the Reformation • Evaluate the impact of Lutheranism on Christianity

3. Erasmus and Christian Humanism • The Protestant Reformation is the term given to the religious reform that divided the western Church into Catholic and Protestant groups. • Began by Martin Luther in the early 16th century, but attempts began earlier. • Changes in intellectual thought called Christian humanism, or Northern Renaissance humanism.

4. Christian humanism: belief in the ability of humans to reason and improve themselves. • Best known Christian humanist: Desiderius Erasmus. • Erasmus believed that Christianity should show people how to lead good lives. • In his work, The Praise of Folly, written in 1509, he criticized aspects of society that he felt were most in need of reform.

5. Desiderius Erasmus

6. Objectives: • Analyze religion on the Eve of the Reformation • Explain the influence of Martin Luther • Analyze the significance of the 95 theses • Discuss the Rise of Lutheranism

7. Religion on the Eve of the Reformation • Reasons for reform: • Corruption • The Renaissance popes failed to meet the church’s spiritual needs. • Church officials also concerned with money and using office to advance their wealth. • Ordinary people were concerned with salvation, or acceptance into heaven.

8. Through veneration of relics, a person could gain an indulgence, release from all or part of the punishment for sin. • Others sought salvation through the Modern Devotion, which downplayed religious dogma and stressed the need to follow the teachings of Jesus.

9. Martin Luther

10. Martin Luther • Monk and Professor • Lectured on the Bible. • Catholic teaching said humans were saved through faith and good works, Luther believed it was just faith. • Belief that justification, being made right before God, by faith alone became the chief teaching of the Protestant Reformation.

11. The Ninety-five Theses • Luther did not believe in the selling of indulgences. • He believed the monk Johann Tezel, who sold indulgences with the slogan “As soon as the coin in the coffer (money box) rings, the soul from purgatory springs”, was very wrong. • On October 31, 1517, he sent a list of Ninty-five Theses to his church superiors. • Luther also did not believe in the sacraments.

12. A Break with the Church • By 1520 Luther had begun to move towards a definite break with the Catholic Church. • He was excommunicated by the Church in January 1521, and called to appear before the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. • The Edict of Worms made Martin Luther an outlaw within the empire • Luther was to be killed, but was protected by his ruler, Elector Frederick of Saxony.

13. The Rise of Lutheranism • The religious movement soon became a revolution. • Established support of German rulers and new religious services, which became known as Lutheranism, which was the first Protestant faith. • Luther faced a political crisis over peasant revolts, and sided with lords.

14. Politics in the German Reformation • Charles V ruled an immense area consisting of Spain and its colonies, Austrian lands, Bohemia, Hungary, the Low Countries, and parts of Italy. • Wanted to keep it under the control of his dynasty, the Hapsburgs political and Catholic religiously.

15. Charles V had a rivalry with the king of France, Francis I. • Charles faced opposition from the pope, Clement VII. • Germany was loyal to the emperor but free from his rule, and supported Luther. • The end to religious warfare in Germany came in 1555 with the Peace of Augsburg, resulting in the division of Christianity in Germany into Catholic and Lutheran states.

16. Conclusion • What did you learn today?

17. Homework • Review previously assigned and completed Page 393 1,2,4-8 • Quiz tomorrow!