EDM (Theory and) Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

1. EDM (Theory and) Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model December 5, 2012 Frank Rathmann (on behalf oftheBNL-EDMandJEDI collaborations) DISCRETE 2012, JINR, Lisboa, Portugal

2. Outline • Introduction • Electric Dipole Moments • Physics Impact • Chargedparticle EDM searches • Concepts fordedicatedStorage Ring searches • Technological challenges • Precursor Experiments • Timelines ofprojects • Conclusion EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

3. Introduction: The bigchallenges Conventional HEP wisdom, but there is more than that … EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

4. Introduction: Physics Frontiers Search for theoriginof mass („Higgs“), SUSY Secrets of neutrinos Energy Intensity Frontiers of Physical Sciences Cosmic Complexity Quest for „Dark Matter“ and „Dark Energy“ Precision (In-)stability of the proton EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

5. Introduction: Precision Frontier ESPP, Cracow, September 2012 A most promising additional frontier: Precision EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

6. Introduction: Precision Frontier Example: Neutron (nEDM) Adaptedfrom: Nature, Vol 482 (2012) Search forElectric Dipole Moments (EDM) of fundamental particles EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

7. Outline • Introduction • Electric Dipole Moments • Physics Impact • Chargedparticle EDM searches • Concepts fordedicatedStorage Ring searches • Technological challenges • Precursor Experiments • Timelines ofprojects • Conclusion EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

8. Physics: Fundamental Particles Charge symmetricNoEDM () : MDM : EDM Do particles(e.g., electron, nucleon) have an EDM? EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

9. EDMs: DiscreteSymmetries Not Charge symmetric (aligned w/ spin) Permanent EDMs violate P and T. Assuming CPT to hold, CPviolated also. EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

10. EDMs: Whyis CPV so interesting? • CPV in the SM points to physics we do not understand • CPV is highly sensitive to physics beyond the SM (New Physics) • CPV is accessible to a wide range of experiments • New source of CPV beyond the SM required for baryogenesis Physicsbeyondthe Standard Model (BSM) EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

11. Outline • Introduction • Electric Dipole Moments • Physics Impact • Chargedparticle EDM searches • Concepts fordedicatedStorage Ring searches • Technological challenges • Precursor Experiments • Timelines ofprojects • Conclusion EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

12. Physics:Whatcausedthe Baryon asymmetry? Carina Nebula: Largest-seen star-birth regions in the galaxy Whathappenedtothe antimatter? Sakharov (1967): Three conditions for baryogenesis B number conservation violated sufficiently strongly C and CP violated, B and anti-Bs with different rates Evolution of universe outside thermal equilibrium The mysteryofthemissing antimatter (the puzzle ofourexistence) EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

13. Physics: Potential of EDMs N. Arkani-Hamed (IAS, Princeton) atIntensityFrontier WS, USA (2011) EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

14. Physics: Potential of EDMs G. Isidoriat ESPP Open Symposium, Cracow (Sept. 2012) EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

15. Physics: Potential of EDMs J.M. Pendlebury: „nEDMhaskilledmoretheoriesthananyothersingleexpt.“ EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

16. Physics: Limits for Electric Dipole Moments EDM searches– onlyupperlimitsyet(in ) Huge efforts underway worldwide to improve limits / find EDMs EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

17. Physics: Ongoing/plannedSearches new P. Harris, K. Kirch … A huge worldwide effort EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

18. Outline • Introduction • Electric Dipole Moments • Physics Impact • Chargedparticle EDM searches • Concepts fordedicatedStorage Ring searches • Technological challenges • Precursor Experiments • Timelines ofprojects • Conclusion EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

19. Principle: Frozen spin Method Fortransverseelectricandmagneticfields in a ring ( ), anomalousspin precession isdescribedbyThomas-BMT equation: x Magic condition: Spin alongmomentumvector Foranysignof, in a combinedelectricandmagneticmachine 2. For(protons) in an all electric ring (magic)  Magic rings tomeasure EDMs offreechargeparticles EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

20. Principle: Rings forsrEDMsearches • Place particles in a storage ring • Alignspinalongmomentum („Freeze“ horizontal spinprecession) • Search for time developmentofverticalpolarization New Methodtomeasure EDMs offreechargeparticles: Magic rings withspinfrozenalongmomentum EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

21. EDMs: Storage ring projects pEDM in all electric ring at BNL Jülich, focus on deuterons, or a combinedmachine orat FNAL (fromR. Talman) CW and CCW propagatingbeams (from A. Lehrach) Twoprojects: US (BNL or FNAL) andEurope (FZJ) EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

22. Beat systematics: BNL Proposal 2 beamssimultaneouslyrotating in an all electricring (cw, ccw) CW & CCW beams cancels systematic effects Status: ApprovedBNL-Proposal Submittedto DOE Goal forprotons Manytechnologicalchallengesneedtobemet EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

23. Principle: Magic Storage ring A magicstorage ring forprotons (electrostatic), deuterons, … B Possible tomeasure, , usingONEmachinewithm EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

24. CCW & CCW withmagneticfield:Richard Talmansconceptfor a Jülich all-in-onemachine Iron-free, current-only, magnetic bending, eliminates hysteresis B A Configurationgeneratesclose-to-perfectverticalBfield B A EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

25. Magic ring: Jülich all-in-onemachine(R. Talmansconcept) B Maximum achievablefieldofcoppermagnets T. VerycompactmachinespossibleforsrEDMsearches EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

26. EDMs – Sensitivity Reach EDM search in charged baryon (systems) pEDM dEDM Adaptedfrom: Nature, Vol 482 (2012) NodirectmeasurementsforprotonanddeuteronEDM yet ! EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

27. Outline • Introduction • Electric Dipole Moments • Physics Impact • Chargedparticle EDM searches • Concepts fordedicated Storage Ring Searches • Technological challenges • Precursor Experiments • Timelines ofprojects • Conclusion EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

28. srEDMsearches: Technogicalchallenges • Chargedparticle EDM searchesrequiredevelopmentof a newclassof high-precisionmachineswithmainlyelectricfieldsforbendingandfocussing. • Other topics: • Electric fieldgradients • Spin coherence time • Continuous polarimetry • Beam positioning • Spin tracking These issues must beaddressedexperimentallyatexistingfacilities EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

29. Challenge: Electric field for magic rings Rfieldonly Challenge toproduce large electricfieldgradients EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

30. Challenge: Niobium electrodes DPP stainlesssteel fine-grainNb Show oneslide on JLAB data HV devices large-grainNb single-crystalNb large-grainNb Large-grainNbatplateseparationof a few cm yields ~20 MV/m EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

31. “spin closed orbit vector” makes one turn “spin tune” if ║ ring stable polarization A Challenge: Spin coherence time Spin closedorbit one particle with magnetic moment EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

32. Challenge: Spin coherence time Weusuallydon‘tworryaboutcoherenceofspinsalong Polarization not affected! Atinjection all spinvectorsaligned (coherent) After some time, spinvectorsget out ofphaseandfullypopulatethecone Situation very different, whenyou deal withmachineswithfrozenspin. Longitudinal polarizationvanishes! Atinjection all spinvectorsaligned Later, spinvectorsare out ofphase in the horizontal plane In an EDM machine with frozen spin, observation time is limited. EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

33. Challenge:SCT stimates (N.N. Nikolaev) Onesourceofspincoherencearerandomvariationsofthespin tune due tothemomentumspread in the beam and israndomizedby e.g., electroncooling Estimate: Spin coherence time for deuterons may be 𝟏𝟎𝟎× larger than for protons EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

34. EDM at COSY: COolerSYnchrotron Cooler andstorage ring for(polarized)protonsanddeuterons Phase space cooledinternal & extractedbeams COSY … the spin-physics machine for hadron physics … an ideal startingpoint for a srEDMsearch Injector cyclotron EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

35. Challenge: First measurementof SCT 2011 Test measurementsat COSY Polarimetry: Spin coherence time: from Ed Stephenson and Greta Guidoboni decoherence time oscillation capture EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

36. Challenge: SCT recentachievements Resultfrom 2012 run from Ed Stephenson and Greta Guidoboni Excellentprogresstowardsthe SCT goalforpEDM:s EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

37. Challenge: Polarimetry Beam polarimetry atthe ppm levelachievedfordeuteronbeams EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

38. Outline • Introduction • Electric Dipole Moments • Physics Impact • Chargedparticle EDM searches • Concepts fordedicated Storage Ring Searches • Technological challenges • Precursor Experiments • Timelines ofprojects • Conclusion EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

39. Precursorexperiments: RF methods Methodsbased on makingthespinprecession in themachine resonant withtheorbitmotion Twoways: Use an RF devicethatoperates on someharmonicsofthespinprecessionfrequency Operate ring on an imperfectionresonance Useexistingmagneticmachinesforfirstdirect EDM measurements EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

40. Precursorexperiments: ResonanceMethodwith „magic“ RF Wien filter Avoidscoherent betatron oscillationsof beam. Radial RF-E andvertical RF-B fieldstoobservespinrotation due to EDM Approach pursuedfor a firstdirectmeasurementat COSY.  „Magic RF Wien Filter“no Lorentz force IndirectEDM effect Tiltofprecession plane due to EDM RF E(B)-field In-plane polarization Observable: Accumulationofverticalpolarizationduringspincoherence time stored d Polarimeter (dpelastic) • Statistical sensitivityfor in therange to rangepossible. • Alignmentandfieldstabilityof ring magnets • Imperfectionof RF-E(B) flipper EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

41. Precursorexperiments: ResonanceMethodfordeuteronsat COSY Parameters: beam energy assumed EDM E-field • EDM effect accumulates in EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

42. Precursorexperiments: ResonanceMethodfordeuteronsat COSY Parameters: beam energy assumed EDM E-field EDM effectaccumulates in Linear extrapolationoffor a time periodofyields a sizebale. EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

43. Precursorexperiments: Resonance EDM measurementwith a static Wien filter Machineisoperated on an imperfectionspinresonanceat Spin rotation in phasewithorbitmotion Similaraccumulationof EDM signal, systematicsmoredifficult, strengthofimperfectionresonance must besuppressedbyclosed-orbit corrections. EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

44. Outline • Introduction • Electric Dipole Moments • Physics Impact • Chargedparticle EDM searches • Concepts fordedicated Storage Ring Searches • Technological challenges • Precursor Experiments • Timelines ofprojects • Conclusion EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

45. Timeline: BNL EDM • Technicallydrivenfor all-electricpEDM 15 18 12 13 14 16 17 19 20 21 Two years R&D/preparation One year final ring design Two years ring/beam-line construction Two years installation One year “string test” EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

46. Timeline: Stepwiseapproachall-in-onemachineforJEDI Time scale: Steps1 and 2: < 5 years Steps3 and 4: > 5 years EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

47. Conclusion • Measurementsof EDMs areextremelydifficult, but fantastic BSM physicsreach • Twostorage ring projects, at BNL and Jülich • Jülich goesfor all-in-onemachinewithcopper-onlymagnets • Pursue SCT investigationsat COSY • VerygoodprospectsforfirstdirectEDM measurementsofandat COSYusingresonancemethodsbased on RF E(B) -fields • New JEDI collaborationestablished • BothCollaborationswork on technologicalchallenges: Polarimetry, SCT, E-fields, BPMs EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

48. “Man mußetwasNeuesmachen, um etwasNeueszusehen.” “You have to make (create) something new, if you want to see something new” Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799) EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

49. Spares EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model

50. srEDM cooperations International srEDM Network Institutional (MoU) and Personal (Spokespersons …) Cooperation, Coordination srEDMCollaboration (BNL) (spokespersonYannisSemertzidis) JEDI Collaboration (FZJ)(spokespersons: A. Lehrach, J. Pretz, F.R.) • Common R&D • RHICEDM-at-COSY • Beam Position Monitors Polarimetry • (…) Spin Coherence Time • Cooling • Spin Tracking (…) Study Group First directmeasurement Ring Design DOE-Proposal(submitted) CD0, 1, … HGF Application(s) pEDM Ring at BNL JEDI EDM Theory and Experiment: Search for new Physics beyond the Standard Model