Human Body Systems-an overview of Anatomy and Physiology-Notes

1. Human Body Systems-an overview of Anatomy and Physiology-Notes

2. The Nervous System • General info---- • Controls and coordinates functions and ______________________________________________ • The messages carried by the nervous systems are electrical impulses called_______________________. • These impulse carrying cells are called______________________. impulses Responds to internal and external stimuli neurons

3. 3 types according to direction: • ____________________from sense organs to spinal cord and brain • Motors neurons carry from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands. • ______connect sensory and motor neurons and carry impulses between them interneurons Sensory neurons

4. Typical nerve cell

5. Cell body-nucleus and cytoplasm • _______________-extensions that carry impulse from environment or other neurons to cell body • _________-long fiber carrying away from cell body • _____ contain neurotransmitter chemicals to transfer impulse • The myelin sheath is an insulating membrane dendrites axons Axon terminals

6. Nerves are made of a few to thousands of neurons • An impulse begins when the nerve is stimulated by the environment or other neurons • An _________results from a temporary influx of positive ions(Na+ ions in)-as impulse follows K+ ions flow out to restore to resting potential • ____________-location at which a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell. synapse Action potential

7. Divisions of Nervous System- • Central nervous System relays messages,processesthem and analyzes info-brain and spinal cord • CNS has 3 layers of connective tissue called ________________________ meninges

9. Fluid within meninges is called_________________________________________________CSF Cerebral spinal fluid

10. BRAIN

12. ___________________________-largest and most prominent part of human brain-voluntary,consciousactivities,intelligence,judgement,learning • Connecting hemisphere-_________________________________________,one side controls opposite side of body,outer layer cerebral cortex-gray matter-packed nerve cell bodies ,CEREBRAL CORTEX-processes info from sense organs and control body movements/and inner layer-white matter (axons w/myelin sheaths)and controls connects cortex and brain stem Corpus collasum cerebrum

14. _________________-2nd largest region at back –coordinates and balances actions of muscles • ___________-connects brain and spinal cord-pons and medulla oblongata-neural “switch-boards’-controls blood pressure,heart rate,______________________ • The thalamus and hypothalamus---between brain stem and cerebrum-Thalamus receives receives info from sensory reptors and directs to cerebrum for processing/hypothalamus recognizes and analyzes hunger,thirst,fatigue,anger and body temperature and coordinates nervous and endocrine systems cerebellum Breathing and swallowing Brain stem

15. Spinal Cord-31 pairs of spinal nerves branching out • PNS-Peripheral Nervous System-outside CNS-sensory division takes impulses from sense organs to CNS and ______________________________-takes impulses from CNS to muscles or glands • _______________________Nervous System-activities under conscious control • Autonomic NS regulates automatic or involuntary response…..Sympathetic system increase ,for example ,heart rate while parasympathetic decreases heart rate Motor division sympathetic

16. SKELETAL SYSTEM- • General info- • Functions in protection,movement and mineral reserves,blood cell formation • ______________adult bones • Axial and _____________________ skeleton 206 appendicular

18. Bones are solid network of living cells and protein fibers surrounded by calcium salts • ____________________-tough connective tissue surrounding bone • Haversion canals contain blood vessels and nerves • _________________-mature bone cells • ________________-break done bone • _____________________produce bone osteoclasts osteocytes periosteum osteoblasts

20. 3 types of joints-immovable,slightly movable and freely movable • _________________________--hold bones together in a joint ligaments

21. MUSCULAR SYSTEM_ • Skeletal,smoothand cardiac • Proteins myosin and _________________control contractions • Fueled by ATP • Neurotransmitter _____________________controls muscle innervations • __________________-attach muscle to bones acetylcholine actin tendons

23. THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM- • General info-skin,hairnails,some glands and body coverings • ______________--barrier against infection and injury,helps regulate body temp,remove waste and some protection from UV rays • Skin has 2 layers:_______________ which has an outer dead layer,livingcells below with keratin-,melanin producing cells and _______________which contains collagen,bloodvessels,nerveendings,glands(sweat and sebaceous glands),sensory receptors,smooth muscles and hair • Follicles-below dermis is subcutaneous fatty tissue and loose connective tissue skin dermis epidermis

25. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM-

26. Heart and blood vessels • Heart is a muscle called ______________________________ • Surrounded by protective tissue called ____________________________________ • Average contractions 72 beats /min • 4 chambered 2 upper atria and 2 lower ventricles/septum to prevent mixing of O2 rich and O2 poor blood myocardium pericardium

27. Right side pumps from heart to lungs-_______________________ and left side to rest of body-_____________ • Circulation through heart-blood enters heart through left and right atria,contracts,then out ventricles to body or lungs • ____________________-flaps preventing backflow Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation valves

29. ________________________carry O2 rich blood from heart to tissues(with exception of pulmonary artery) • ________________________________-smallest vessels responsible for gas diffusion and transport of nutrients • ___________________-returns O2 poor blood to heart • Blood pressure- :Systolic-force felt in arteries when ventricles contract =120/80 • Diastolic-force of blood felt in arteries when ventricles relax veins capillaries arteries

30. BLOOD_ • RBC’s (5 mill/1 milliter)transport O2 w/ hemoglobin,old red blood cells disposed in liver and spleen • WBC’s much lesser in #-guard against infection,lymphocytes produce antibodies • ______________-enable blood clotting platelets

32. Lymphatic System-network of vessels,nodes and organs that collect fluid lost by blood-________________________-and return it to circulatory system-filtering out bacteria ,etc. and absorb nutrients-includes thymus and spleen lymph

34. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM • Process of gas exchange • Bring exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood,air and tissues

37. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM- • Mouth-mastication-chewing and chemical break down with ________________________ • Esophagus-with muscular action food passes from mouth down to stomach • Stomach-Chemically HCl activates ___________________-digestive enzyme • Mechanically stomach churns and mixes fluids and foods into ____________________ and then empties into small intestine • Small intestine-1st-_______________________ where almost all digestive enzymes enter-mix w/fluids from pancreas(an accessory digestive gland) and liver-bile disperses fat/then jejunum and illium-all main function absorption of nutrients • Next large intestine-minus chime-functions in removing water from what is left • Next rectum chyme pepsin Salivary amylase duodenum

39. EXCRETORY SYSTEM- • Remove waste from blood,maintain pH in blood,regulate water and blood volume • Kidney-functional units are___________________________-each with its own blood supply-impurities are filtered out and enter collecting duct,purifiedblood exits • _________________cappilariesencased by bowman’s capsule-their filtrate enters-water,urea,glucose,salts,amino acids and vitamins-much renters blood • Remaining material is _________________(inc. urea,salts and water)-collects in loop of Henle,where water is conserved and urine goes into bladder and out _______________- urine glomerulus nephrons urethra