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Social Development and Urban: World Bank Experience in Brazil

Social Development and Urban: World Bank Experience in Brazil. Ivo Imparato Senior Urban Specialist, LCSUW Social Development Sector Days, 23 February 2009. LAC presents complex urban challenges. High and Rapid Urbanization in LAC

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Social Development and Urban: World Bank Experience in Brazil

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  1. Social Development and Urban: World Bank Experience in Brazil Ivo Imparato Senior Urban Specialist, LCSUW Social Development Sector Days, 23 February 2009

  2. LAC presents complex urban challenges High and Rapid Urbanization in LAC • From 65% urbanization rate in 1980 to 78% in 2006; estimated to be 82% by 2025 • From rural-urban migration to urban-urban migration & recent cases of more complex mobility patterns: sprawl, spatial segregation, and metropolitan regions Many problems associated with high and rapid urbanization • Lower poverty rates in urban areas but larger share (almost 60% of poor are in urban areas in 2000); if unchanged, 2/3 of poor will be in cities by 2015 • City growth patterns result in congestion (e.g. Central city slum of Santo Domingo - 11% of city population in 1.6% of city territory) and limited access to basic services • Informal tenure accounts for 1/3 of families; only half of poor have formal titles • 1/3 or more of working population is self-employed (proxy for informality), 3 times more than OECD countries (rise in informal employment associated with poverty) • Widespread violence in Latin American barrios/slums (worldwide homicide rate is 5.1 per 100,000 inhabitants; 27.5 per 100,000 in LAC in 2000) • 20 largest cities in Latin America are in areas with steep terrain, swamps, flood-prone land, or seismic activity; LAC plagued by 90 disasters over the past three decades; 7,500 fatalities/year • Rapid population growth leading to larger and denser human settlements, combined with environmental degradation; poor people live in more hazardous locations and in low quality dwellings

  3. Complex urban problems need comprehensive interventions • Typical urban development looks at sectors in isolation, but complex settings require a comprehensive approach – i.e. need to combine urban infrastructure & services with environment and social development activities • Comprehensive interventions require sophisticated technical, institutional and financial arrangements • Technical challenges: various interventions in a single package - e.g. road construction, drainage/flood control, water supply and sanitation, complex water resource management solutions, pollution control, slum upgrading, resettlement housing • Financial complexity: High cost; programs combine financing sources • Institutional arrangements: many sectoral players that often don’t interact Institutional Mechanism SOCIAL TECHNICAL Slum Upg. Urban Dev’t LED Housing Roads Water and Sanitation Drainage WRM Financial Arrangement

  4. How does the World Bank engage? • Not just a provider of financial assistance • World Bank as a convener, catalyzing specific arrangements to deal with complex urban situations • World Bank as technical resource and honest broker, dealing with several technical and institutional constituencies and forging a consensus • World Bank as amalgamator of a set of projects that are more sectoral in nature • Long term engagement, and a program approach

  5. Case Example: Guarapiranga, São Paulo (Brazil) UNAUTHORIZED LAND USE PERMITTED LAND USE

  6. Case Example: Guarapiranga, São Paulo (Brazil) Guarapiranga River Basin EnvironmentalSanitation Project • Guarapiranga River Basin is an important metropolitan resource (water source & recreational area) • Threatened by environmental degradation due to unauthorized land uses stemming from urban poverty irregular land subdivisions (140,000 residents) and squatter settlements (110,000 residents) • World Bank-financed program: services for the poor, recovery of water quality & basin management • Strategies • Implementation of trunk infrastructure for wastewater collection and treatment • Upgrading slums and irregular subdivisions: extending basic service coverage for the poor, with direct quality of life, public health and water quality benefits • Emphasis on slums alongside reservoir’s direct or indirect tributaries • Establishment of institutional framework for basin management • Financing • World Bank ($119 M) • Local Counterparts ($218 M): state, municipality, water utility, state housing company

  7. Case Example: Guarapiranga, São Paulo (Brazil) Guarapiranga River Basin EnvironmentalSanitation Project The City of São Paulo Guarapiranga Basin

  8. Case Example: Guarapiranga, São Paulo (Brazil)

  9. WORLD BANK HIGHER-TIETÊ BASIN COMMITTEE STATE SANITATION & WATER RESOURCES SECRETARIAT SÃO PAULO STATE BANK UGP - PROGRAMME MANAGEMENT UNIT COTIA-GUARAPIRANGA SUBCOMMITTEE CONSULTATIVE COUNCIL Executing agencies SABESP State Water & Sanitation Company SMA State Environmental Secretariat CDHU Housing & Urban Development Company PMSP Municipality of São Paulo Case Example: Guarapiranga, São Paulo (Brazil) Guarapiranga River Basin EnvironmentalSanitation Project

  10. Case Example: Guarapiranga, São Paulo (Brazil) Guarapiranga River Basin EnvironmentalSanitation Project BEFORE INTERVENTION AFTER INTERVENTION • Results • 340 areas with improved basic services and public spaces and new housing units (250,000 beneficiaries) • Improved water supply, sewerage and wastewater treatment facilities for the whole basin

  11. Case Example: Guarapiranga, São Paulo (Brazil) Guarapiranga River Basin EnvironmentalSanitation Project Key Lessons • A program approach, with long-term engagement • A comprehensive approach, with innovative technical solutions appropriate to local needs • Institutional integration among the various sectors and levels of government - a new culture in the public sector • Actions based on consensus among various participants - government, local communities, civil society organizations • Participation of the residents in all stages of the process

  12. Other Significant World Bank-financedUrban Programs in Brazil

  13. Social Development and Urban:Finding Common Ground This year’s theme is From Principles to Practice: Operationalizing Social Development Social Development shaping Bank operations more than in the past Needs and Scope in Urban are huge

  14. Social Development and Urban:Finding Common Ground Social Development in tune with operational requirements Nexus between Social Development and social safeguards compliance Opportunity to move beyond compliance Experience in LAC may help show the way

  15. Social Development and Urban:Finding Common Ground Large scale slum upgrading in Brazil: search for operational answers Need to organize participation and consultation within a project framework Bank-financed projects have provided the venue: Guarapiranga in São Paulo, Alagados in Salvador

  16. Social Development and Urban:The Experience in Brazil Projects provide resources and an organizing framework for participation to produce results Need to organize participatory processes has generated a market for professional entities – at first organized as NGOs, now mostly as consultancy firms with planning, engineering and social staff

  17. Social Development and Urban:The Experience in Brazil Experience of consultancy firms provides an illuminating example Engineers and planners involved in slum upgrading came to appreciate the key role of social scientists and professionals in organizing the interaction between projects and local residents Beginning in mid-1980s, a paradigm shift

  18. Social Development and Urban:The Experience in Brazil From mid-1990s, a critical mass of professionals with operational capabilities in supporting participatory urban development Articulated by projects with varying levels of consultation and participation Approach is very operational and hands-on

  19. Social Development and Urban:The Experience in Brazil Analogy to the work of the Bank: these firms and their teams work for governments We too work with governments, and the point of view of TTLs and Bank teams is shaped by that Some clashes with social scientists who would rather work with NGOs and CBOs

  20. Social Development and Urban:The Experience in Brazil Not all governments are crazy about participation Sometimes the most a Bank team can do is ensure safeguards compliance There is often an opportunity to go much beyond that Example of Alagados: direct support to local organizations and their work

  21. Social Development and Urban:The Experience in Brazil Some governments are very good at promoting participatory development, but many lack the political will or the skill set Bank can work with client governments to help them deal with participation in a constructive way Safeguards compliance an opportunity, not just one more hurdle

  22. Social Development and Urban:The Experience in Brazil To comply with safeguard policies, governments need to build capacity, hire specialists, promote consultations Safeguards compliance may open the door to a new way of doing business Case of Alagados a clear example Successful cases are real, but there are many obstacles

  23. Social Development and Urban:The Experience in Brazil and in LAC Plenty of pitfalls along the way: many participatory processes are manipulated, or fall prey to political capture Issue of representation is always at core: cases of People’s Participation Law in Bolivia, participatory budgeting in Mexico and Brazil Who speaks for the stakeholders? Are vulnerable groups represented?

  24. Social Development and Urban:The Experience in Brazil and in LAC Crucial role of social development professionals, helping TTLs and teams understand motivations and incentives of local stakeholders & shape projects Projects must be built around an understanding of local dynamics, which teams often ignore at their peril Payoff is huge in impact and sustainability

  25. Social Development and Urban:Finding Common Ground How do we mainstream Social Development in Bank operations? A two-way street: TTLs need to understand the importance of social dev., and social dev. professionals need to understand requirements of working with governments to prepare and supervise operations

  26. Social Development and Urban:Finding Common Ground This is about all of us finding common ground, in an imperfect world My experience in Brazil, in a consultancy firm, showed me that it can be done This was confirmed by my experience as a Bank TTL in Urban There is still a long road ahead, but each successful project takes us further along

  27. Thank you Ivo Imparato Sr. Urban Specialist, LCSUW The World Bank (202) 458-2587 iimparato@worldbank.org

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