TEMS Effective Teaching Strategies

1. TEMSEffective Teaching Strategies Similarities and Differences October 13th , 2010

2. Similarities and Differences:What the Research Says • Explicit guidancein identifying similarities and differences enhances students’ understanding of and ability to use knowledge. • Independently identifyingsimilarities and differences enhances students’ understanding of and ability to use knowledge. And . . .

3. Similarities and Differences:What the Research Says- Con’t • Representing similarities and differences in graphic or symbolic form enhances students’ understanding of and ability to use knowledge. • The identification of similarities and differences is a highly robust activity.

4. Similarities and Differences • Key premises • Basic to human thought • Core of all learning and thinking • Explicitly guide students • Independent discovery • Graphic or symbolic form

5. Strategies Similarities and Differences • Comparing • Classifying • Creating Metaphors • Creating Analogies

6. Teacher vs. Student Directed Tasks • Each of the four forms of identifying similarities and differences may used in ways that are teacher directed or student directed. • Teacher-directed tasks are much more structured where the teacher provides more information to direct students in the task a certain way. • Student-directed tasks are less structured and require the students to conceptualize more of the task on their own.

7. Examples: Compare the use of literary elements within and among texts including characters, setting, plot, theme, and point of view. Compare the following plane and solid geometric figures: square, rectangle, triangle, . . . Comparing The identification of important characteristics is the key to effective comparison. It is these characteristics that are then used as the basis to identify similarities and differences.-Marzano,2001

8. Comparing • Graphic Organizer Options: • Venn Diagrams , one, two or three topics • Double Bubble- various forms • Comparison Matrix • Circle Map • Possible uses for Organizers: • Examine Information • Important Details and Characteristics • Tools/Formats • Metaphor – direct comparison • Simile – indirect comparison

9. Characteristics Items to be compared #1 #2 #3 Similarities Differences Similarities Differences Similarities Venn Diagram Differences Similarities Differences Comparison Matrix Graphic Organizers for Comparing

10. Comparing • Tools- Graphic Organizers- Non Linguistic • Venn Diagrams- Social Studies, Language Arts, Science

11. ComparingVENN DIAGRAMS- Math A study was made of 200 students to determine what TV shows they watch. 22 students don't watch these cartoons. 73 students watch only Tiny Toons. 136 students watch Tiny Toons. 14 students watch only Animaniacs and Pinky & the Brain. 31 students watch only Tiny Toons and Pinky & the Brain. 63 students watch Animaniacs. 135 students do not watch Pinky & the Brain (for some completely incomprehensible reason).

12. Comparing- Double Bubble A Double Bubble is a kind of thinking map/graphic organizer that can be used to compare similarities and differences. It has multiple bubbles that connect two items with their similarities and differences. To download this graphic organizer, go to: http://freeteach.com/graphic_organizers/double_bubble

13. Comparing- Double Bubble Template • To use the Double Bubble Template: • Fill in the 2 large circles with the items you are comparing and contrasting. • In the shaded bubbles, write in the characteristics that the 2 items have in common. • Use the other circles to list characteristics that are unique to each item. Source: http://www.cwhp.info/curriculum/sources2/graphic_organizers.pdf

14. Comparing- Double Bubble

15. ComparingSample Completed Double Bubble

16. Comparing Circle Map Students may benefit from brainstorming about the topics to be compared by using a Circle Map. This allows them to focus on one object of comparison at a time.

17. For example, Invertebrates animals without a backbone or spinal column Vertebrates animals with a backbone or spinal column Classifying The process of grouping things that are alike into categories on the basis of their characteristics. It is critical to identify the rules that govern class or category membership. -Marzano,2001

18. Classifying • Classifying refers to sorting objects into categories based on shared characteristics. • Classifying depends on identifying the similarities and differences between the objects.

19. Classifying • Graphic Organizer Options: • Tree Map (WIKI) • Columns/table • Possible Uses for Organizers: • Organization of information into groups based on categories • Do after comparing • Categories may be established and agreed upon or individually created

20. Graphic Organizers for Classifying Place Categories in column headings -most useful when all categories are equal in generality -more useful when all categories are not equal in generality

21. Creating Metaphors • Graphic Organizer Options: • Not commonly used • When Organizer used: • Abstract comparison; indirect • Teacher directed-scaffolding • Student directed-extends concept

22. Creating Metaphors For example, Love is a rose. The two items in a metaphor are connected by an abstract or nonliteral relationship. -Marzano,2001

23. Metaphor Simile A similarity between two objects at an abstract level. Life is a rollercoaster A similarity between two objects at an abstract level using “like” or “as.” Life is like a rollercoaster What is a Metaphor? Comparison involving similarity A simile is a type of metaphor because it is a comparison, but not all metaphors are similes.

24. Graphic Organizer for Metaphors Literal Pattern 1 Element 1 Literal Pattern 2 Element 2 Abstract It depicts that two elements have somewhat different literal patterns, but they share a common abstract pattern.

25. Examples, Carpenter is to hammer as painter is to brush. Hot is to cold as night is to day. Oxygen is to humans as carbon dioxide is to plants. Core is to earth as nucleus is to atom. Creating Analogies Analogies help us to see how seemingly dissimilar things are similar. They increase our understanding of new information. -Marzano,2001

26. Creating Analogies • Graphic Organizer Options: • Brace map (WIKI) • Analogy organizer • Possible Uses for Organizers: • Format: ____is to ____ as ____is to____ • Relationships to relationships • Process – Pair 1 then Pair 2 • Many types of analogies

27. Graphic Organizers for Analogies Is to Relationship Is to As

28. 0 Creating Analogies thermometer temperature is to Relationship: measures incremental changes in something odometer distance is to as

29. as as Creating Analogy • An Analogy is a comparison between related pairs. A is to B as C is to D Brace Map C A D B

30. Teacher-directed analogy task Eighty is to eight As Dime is to ______. Student-directed analogy task Robert Frost is to poetry As _____ is to ______. Teacher vs. Student Directed Analogy See Marzano text for examples of teacher and student directed comparison, classification, and metaphor tasks.

31. WEB sites for reference • Identifying Similarities and differences with graphic organizers- non linguistic http://www.ntuaft.com/Departments/Research___Communication/PRC504/Research-Based%20Instructional%20Strategies/Identifying%20Similarities%20&%20Differences.htm • Math http://www.math.tamu.edu/~kahlig/venn/venn.html • Graphic Organizers http://freeology.com/graphicorgs/page8.php

32. Next Steps • Meet October 22, Friday and October 25, Monday (please read Marzano) • Summarizing and Note Taking 10/22 • Non Linguistic Representation 10/25 • Homework- try some non linguistic representations in class, let’s discuss what we have had success or non success with • Marzano pages