Russian Revolution and Civil War

1. Russian Revolution and Civil War

2. Objectives • Explain the causes of the March Revolution. • Describe the goals of Lenin and the Bolsheviks in the November Revolution. • Outline how the Communists defeated their opponents in Russia’s civil war. • Analyze how the Communist state developed under Lenin.

3. The Emperor (Czar) and the Aristocracy Eastern Orthodox Clergy Czar was an autocrat The “Proletariat” according to Karl Marx Most people in Russia were peasants Czar also spelled Tsar

4. Vocabulary • proletariat−working class according to Karl Marx • soviet−Socialistcouncil of workers and soldiers • Cheka−early Soviet secret police force • commissar−Communist party official assigned to the army to teach party principles and ensure party loyalty • Bolsheviks—Communist party in Russia lead by V.I Lenin

5. How did two revolutions and a civil war bring about Communist control of Russia? During the war years, Russia faced increased problems at home. Initially, the goals of the revolution were to end the war and solve the problems that the Revolution of 1905 had not. The March Revolution brought the overthrow of the tsar and the November Revolution brought the end of the provisional government. Lenin and his successor, Stalin, created a Communist Russia.

6. Ineffective Government Despite talk of reform after the Revolution of 1905, Tsar _____________ continued to rule Russia as an autocracy: (when on person has absolute power) Nicholas II • Nicholas II was a weak and ineffective leader • Corruption was rampant. • The elected Duma had no real power.

7. World War I Problems World War I united many Russians, but the war strained the country’s mismanaged resources. • Factories couldn’t produce enough military supplies. • The transportation system couldn’t deliver food and supplies to the battlefields. • Many soldiers had no guns and no ammunition. • Millions of soldiers died.

8. Corruption on the Tsar’s Family • Tsar Nicholas traveled to the front but proved to be a poor military leader. Alexandra • Tsarina _______________ ignored the continued food and fuel shortages at home. • Her reliance on the “mad monk” _________________ further eroded public confidence in the government. Gregory Rasputin In March, 1917, workers went on strike, and people filled the streets chanting, “Bread, bread!”

10. The new government continued the war against Germany • Failed to deal with land reform Failure of the Provisional (temporary)Government With disaster on the battlefield and protests at home, Nicholas abdicated. • The Duma set up a _______________ or temporary government and began to write a constitution to create a Russian republic. provisional After the “Kerensky Offensive” Russian Troops Mutinied.

11. Socialist Influence Lenin’s Return

12. The Bolsheviks were a political party led by ____________, a Marxist, who… V. I. Lenin • Called for an elite group to set up a ____________________________ • Urged workers to unite and overthrow capitalism • Called for unity among workers and farmers • Promised “Peace, Land,and Bread” “dictatorship of the proletariat”

13. There were two socialist revolutionary groups in Russia. Mensheviks Bolsheviks

14. November 1917: Bolshevik Revolution • Squads of Red Guards joined Mutinous sailors to attack the provisional government • Reds overthrew the government and sized the Kremlin • Made the Kremlin the Bolshevik Capital

15. In November 1917, Lenin’s followers seized power. The Bolsheviks, renamed Communists, made changes quickly.

16. March 1918, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Lenin made peace with Germany • Gave a huge amount of territory to the central powers • When the War was over, those lands were turned over to the Allies

17. 1918, Trotsky organizes the Red Army Leon Trotsky __________created a Red Army using former tsarist officers led by _____________ The army was well led and well positioned in the center of Russia to fight against the Whites. commissars.

18. 1918-1921, Civil War A brutal civil war broke out between the Communists, known as __________and their opponents, known as ____________ “Reds,” “Whites.” • The Whites included Mensheviks, the tsarist imperial officers, Allied soldiers including from the United States • The Reds appealed to nationalism to drive out foreigners

19. July 16 1918 Execution of the Romanovs In 1918, during the civil war the Bolsheviks had the former tsar and his family shot to keep them from being a symbol for the supporters of the monarchy.

20. 1921 Civil War Ends • The Red’s position in the center of the country gave them an advantage • Whites never able to cooperate effectively The Bolsheviks controlled all of the territory of Russia

21. 1919 The Gulag proletariat Realizing that there was no _________ in Russia, Lenin created a government where the Communists were the leaders, not the people. • Russians lived in fear of the ___________ or secret police and prison camps called the _________. Cheka Gulag

22. The Tsar (Tsar Nicolas II—The Romanovs Capitalism (The Bourgeoisie) Eastern Orthodox Church

23. 1922-Lenin united the old Russian Empire into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Set up a legislature called the “Supreme Soviet” and gave all citizens over 18 the right to vote Communist produced a constitution that was both Democratic and Socialist. “Means of Production” would belong to the workers and peasants Created a one party system in which the Communist Party Ruled

24. In 1922, Lenin united Russian lands into the Union of ____________ Socialist Republics and adopted a new constitution. Soviet • The government had an elected legislature. • Citizens gained the right to vote. • Workers were given control of the _______________________________. means of production

26. In the early years of the revolution, Lenin adopted a policy of ___________________and took over banks, mines, factories, and railroads. __________ secret police used terror to control their own people “war communism” Cheka This policy brought the economy to near collapse, and many suffered. Lenin changed course. His _________________, a compromise with capitalism, helped the economy recover. New Economic Policy

28. Lenin died in 1924. His successor, ______________, would prove to be a more ruthless dictator than any of those before him. Joseph Stalin • Trotsky-Marxist who supported a world wide revolution against capitalism • Stalin-Wanted to concentrate on building socialism at home first • Stalin seized power and forced Trotsky out. • 1940--Stalin had Trotsky murdered in Mexico