in America

1. in America Bronx High School of Science Forensic Science SBF- 05 Mary Villani 2001-2002

2. New England ~ ~> Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont • West North Central~~> Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota • West South Central~~> Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas • Middle Atlantic~~> New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania • South Atlantic~~~> Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia • Mountain~~> Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming • East North Central~~> Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin • East South Central~~> Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee • Pacific~~> Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, Washington MURDER ACROSS AMERICA http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/homicide/region.htm

3. CAUSES OF MURDERS http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/homicide/circumst.htm

4. NUMBER OF MASS MURDERERS 1976-1999 http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/homicide/multiple.htm

5. AGE OF MASS MURDERERS 1976- 1999 http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/homicide/teens.htm

6. CAUSES OF THE PROBLEM • Some Mass Murderers: • Kill to boost their egos. • Kill because they feel excluded and not loved. • Kill for recognition. • Kill for money. • Kill for fame and glory. • Kill because of gang initiation and/or cult loyalty. (Disciple Type) • Hit men. • Kill for sexual gratification. • Emotional, selfish, or cause specific intent: • self defense • mercy killing • assassinations • cult • religious • Kill because they are angry at their families. (Annihilator Type) • Kill to lash out at some perceived unfairness. (Disgruntled Employee Type) • Kill to lash out against the world which is “not right” in some way. (Pseudommando Type)

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF MASS MURDERERS • People who kill 2 or more victims in a single short and bloody episode • Young males • Caucasian • Usually between the ages of 20-30 • Experienced great humiliation in their life • Show interest in weapons and military paraphernalia • Choose to isolate themselves from society • Choose victims spontaneously • Often show signs of depression or unhappiness • Show interest in others who carry out massacres • Store real or imagined grievances, frustrations, disappointments, and outrages done to him done by others over long periods of time • Are unable to form intimate relationships • Are usually sad, inadequate, and lonely • Are usually set out to kill people he blames for hurting him. • Often kill victims from their same ethnic group • They don’t want to kill themselves because their basis for living is to kill others • Usually act in a single violent paroxysm of inexplicable rage • Often draw attention to their sense of impotence • Usually frustrated with society and the way it works • Often show anger and hostility • Probably has no criminal record nor has been seen treated for any psychiatric disorder

8. TYPES OF MASS MURDERERS • Disciple Type: Follow commands of leader; Fall under “spell” to please leader • Annihilator Type: Burst into violence against those sharing home; Oldest male in family exhibiting bizarre behavior • Disgruntled Employee Type: Job in jeopardy; Kill randomly and indiscriminately; Target in mind • Pseudommando Type: Gun, assault rifle, grenade, exotic weapon stock piler; Random victim selection; Geographically mobile • Set and Run Killer Type: Plants device, runs from scene. Injects poison to products. • Family Murderers: Kill family and pets; Travel far killing relatives abroad. • Terrorists: Kill for political revenge. Instill fear in victims. • Bio Terrorists: Use biological agents to spread terror

9. MODUS OF OPERANDI • The Modus Operandi refers to the method of carrying out the murder. • Usually 2 or more victims are killed at one time. • If the killings are committed in more than one location they are part of a "continuous" action. • Victims are typically selected at random. . • The killer usually ends his murders by taking his own life. • A Mass Killer usually attacks with a semi-automatic weapon. • The weapons of choice are usually hand weapons, but poisons, nerve gas, and other weapons of mass destruction are possible. • The attack is usually made at a public location school, university or restaurant.

10. BLOOD EVIDENCE • Blood in liquid pools should be absorbed on a gauze pad, allowed to dry on the gauze thoroughly at room temperature and placed in a brown paper bag. • Blood stains found on clothing or any other object should be wrapped with clean paper and places in a brown paper bag. • Blood evidence should be refrigerated or frozen as soon as possible • Delays beyond 48 hours can destroy blood evidence. • Determination of blood is made by Benzidine color test and Kastle-Meyer test based on the observation of hemoglobin. • Precipitin test used to differentiate human blood from other species. • All blood groups are defined by antigens on their red blood cells and antibodies in serum. . • Identified stain is characterized by DNA analysis using the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) or Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

11. BLOOD SPATTER EVIDENCE . • The location of the blood, the way the blood has been spattered and the way it looks can be key in determining the origin of the blood. • Forensic serologists determine the position and the shape of the blood spatter. They take measurements to determine the angle at which the blood fell. They create controlled crime scenes using surface materials similar to those found at the crime scene. • The smaller the size of blood spatters, the greater the energy required to produce them. Low, medium, and high velocity impact spatter may be classified by their respective sizes. • The direction of a blood drop while in the air is usually apparent from the geometry of its product. The pointed end signifies the direction of travel before the impact on a surface. The direction may also be determined when edge scallops appear on only one side of a bloodstain. • In order to properly interpret bloodstain patterns one must consider the surface texture of the material upon which the bloodstains have been deposited.

12. BLOOD STAIN PATTERNS • Arterial Spurting (or gushing) Pattern -- Bloodstain pattern(s) resulting from blood exiting the body under pressure from a breached artery. • Cast-Off Pattern -- A bloodstain pattern created when blood is released or thrown from a blood-bearing object in motion. • Drip Pattern -- A bloodstain pattern which results from blood dripping into blood. • Flow Pattern -- A change in the shape and direction of a bloodstain due to the influence of gravity or movement of the object. • Impact Pattern -- Bloodstain pattern created when blood receives a blow or force resulting in the random dispersion of smaller drips of blood. • Low Velocity Impact Spatter (LVIS) -- A bloodstain pattern that is caused by a low velocity impact/force to a blood source. • Medium Velocity Impact Spatter (MVIS) -- A bloodstain pattern caused by a medium velocity impact/force to a blood source. A beating typically causes this type of spatter. • Projected Blood Pattern -- A bloodstain pattern that is produced by blood released under pressure as opposed to an impact, such as arterial spurting. • Swipe Pattern -- The transfer of blood from a moving source onto an unstained surface. Direction of travel may be determined by the feathered edge. • Transfer/Contact Pattern -- A bloodstain pattern created when a wet, bloody surface comes in contact with a second surface. A recognizable image of all or portion of the original surface may be observed in the pattern. • Wipe Pattern -- A bloodstain pattern created when an object moves through an existing stain, removing and/or altering its appearance.

14. BLOOD EVIDENCE IN THE OJ SIMPSON CASE • Bloody glove at scene and at Simpson’s home- contained fibers consistent with Goldman’s shirt, Brown’s and Goldman’s hair, the Bronco, and limb hair from a black man. The blood was a match for Goldman, Brown, and Simpson.Size and style worn by Simpson. • Blood stained socks found on Simpson’s bedroom floor, with a DNA match for both Simpson and Brown. • Blood on back gate found at a later time, was a perfect DNA match for Simpson • Blood found in various places in Simpson’s Ford Bronco, on the driver’s side door, the floor, and the center console. The door was a DNA match for Simpson; the floor for Brown; and the console, for Brown, Simpson, and Goldman. • The drops of blood near the victims at the Bundy crime scene matched Simpson’s in DNA testing and one drop was tested and matched to Simpson with conventional serology testing. • The bloody shoe print at the crime scene were size 12, and had been left by Bruno Magli casual shoes that cost $160 at Bloomingdale’s where Simpson sometimes shopped • Small amounts of Simpson’s blood was found on the driveway, in the foyer, in his bathroom sink, and shower- though most were traces

15. RFLP TESTING • Restriction enzymes are used to cut out repeating sequences from a DNA molecule. • Length differences associated with DNA fragments are called restriction fragment length polymorphisms. (RFLP’s) • During electrophoresis an electric current is used to separate the fragments • The smaller DNA fragments travel a greater distance from the wells than do larger fragments. • Fragments are then transferred to a nylon membrane. (Southern blotting) • To visualize the separated RFLP’s, a nylon sheet is treated with radioactively labeled probes containing a base sequence complementary to the RFLP’s being identified. (Hybridization)

16. PCR TESTING • The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test is a technique for replicating and copying a portion of DNA strand outside a living cell. • This test leads to millions of copies of DNA strand. • This copy process can be done in an automated fashion using a DNA Thermal Cycler. • Each cycle of the PCR technique results in a doubling of the DNA. • PCR offers the possibility of increased sensitivity, as little as one-billionth of a gram of DNA is needed for analysis. • PCR can characterize DNA extractec from small quantities of blood, semen, saliva, and hair. • PCR can yield useful information from degraded DNA samples that often fail RFLP analysis. • Even though a sample of DNA taken from a crime scene is very limited, PCR can amplify a strand of DNA many millions of times. • The amplification process of PCR can create a large quantity of DNA for genetic typing purposes. • PCR enables a laboratory analyst to create a DNA profile of a criminal. • The test can eliminate suspects and convict individuals by comparing blood samples. • Unfortunately, gene frequencies produced by PCR testing are not low enough to identify an individual as the sole possible source of a sample.

17. PCR RESULTS IN O.J. CASE • Prosecutor Rockne Harmon said some of the blood left on the glove found in the back yard at Simpson's estate matched that of Goldman and the football star's ex-wife. • A forensic scientist testified that DNA tests showed a genetic match between Simpson's blood and stains found near the bodies of his former wife and her friend. • Dr. Robin Cotton, the laboratory director of Cellmark Diagnostics in Germantown, Md., also said the tests showed that small blood stains on a sock in Simpson's bedroom had the same genetic blueprints as Nicole Brown Simpson. • Cotton said the blood drop lifted from Simpson's foyer contained DNA with the same distinctive series of genetic markers as Simpson's blood. • Cotton explained that in addition to the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) test results, another DNA test called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis showed that Simpson's DNA banding pattern appeared to match DNA from a blood drop near the victims' bodies, a drop from the Bundy Drive walkway leading to the rear of the residence, as well as a blood drop from driveway of Simpson's home. • And PCR tests also indicated that the nail scrapings and clippings from Nicole Simpson's body appeared to be her own. • DNA tests matched blood collection from the white Bronco, sock, glove, OJ’s driveway, and OJ’s home with OJ Simpson.

18. THE FORENSIC PATHOLOGIST • The forensic pathologist performs autopsies to determine the cause and manner of violent deaths such as homicides, accidents, and suicides. • He is called upon to determine three important things: cause of death, mechanism of death, and manner of death. • The cause of death is a specific medical diagnosis: the proximate cause which refers to the initial injury and the immediate death which finally killed the victim. • Mechanism of death denotes the altered physiological state that lead to the actual death and is related to the cause of death. • The manner of death also contributes tto the mechanism of death and is categorized as either a natural cause, accidental, suicide, or homicide. • Pathologist determines the time of death based on any eye witness accounts and changes in the body's appearance. • The circumstances surrounding a death is given by the pathologist offering an expert opinion of considering the severity and duration of pain. • Forensic pathologists are often called upon as an expert witness depending on how many homicide cases are involved in the jurisdiction.

19. TIME/CAUSE/CIRCUMSTANCES OF DEATH • Factors such as indicative acts, postmortem body temperature (algor mortis), postmortem lividity (livor mortis), stiffening of the body (rigor mortis), and putrefaction can all help to roughly estimate the time of death. • Algor mortis is the change in temperature after death, and the most useful single indicator of the time of death during the first 24 hours since heat production ceases soon after death but loss of heat continues, the body cools. • Livor mortis is the discoloration of the body due to settling of blood in the dependent portions of the body it gives off a bluish- purple color. • Rigor mortis occurs when the body (the muscles) stiffens after death. • The potassium eye fluid test determines the level of potassium in the eye because it increases after death. • Putrefaction is the post mortem destruction of the soft tissues of the body by the action of bacteria and enzymes (both bacterial and endogenous). Putrefaction results in the gradual dissolution of the tissues into gases, liquids and salts. • Mummification is a modification of putrefaction characterized by the dehydration or desiccation of the tissues. The body shrivels and is converted into a leathery or parchment-like mass of skin and tendons surrounding the bone. • Entomological studies estimate what stage of life the insects that inhabit the body are in. They know which insects are generally the first to arrive, and at what stages of decomposition that other insects will begin to arrive. • Examination of stomach contents.

20. ASPHYXIA AND STRANGULATION • Insufficient amounts of oxygen reaching brain or essential organs of body • Natural diseases can shut down respiratory system causing asphyxiation • Emphysema, pneumonia, flu, asthma, larynx disorders asphyxiate • Causes of Asphyxiation: • Drowning • Smothering • Strangulation: Homicidal, suicidal, accidental • Homicidal strangulation done manually- brute force choking around neck • Homicidal strangulation by ligature using rope, wire, or garrote • Hanging victim dies from pressure of body weight or neck breaks • Types of Strangulation: • Intensive heart congestion (enlarged heart; right side ventricle) • Venous engorgement (enlarged veins above point of injury) • Cyanosis (blue discoloration of lips and fingertips)

21. DROWNING • Results from inhalation of water causing choking • Rapid formation of mucus in throat and windpipe • Spread of mucus ceases respiration • “Foam cone” covers mouth and nostrils of drowned victims • “Dry drowning” occurs from shock and enlargement of larynx. No fluids found in lungs or stomach • Classic Drowning Stages: • Surprise- person stunned and inhales water • Holding breath- Person holds breath while struggling • Pink foam- Inhales deeply and pink foam expelled • Respiratory arrest- Thoracic movement and pupils dilate • Final Struggle- 3-4 quick attempts to breathe and find air

22. BULLET WOUNDS • Contact Wound: Muzzle applied to skin at shooting. • Impression of muzzle burned around entrance wound and absence of fouling and stippling • Contact wounds over skull have stellate appearance from expulsion of hot gases from barrel blowing back toward exterior • Rip apart skin around entrance wound • Close Range (6-8 inches): Entrance surrounded by fouling- soot traveling for short distance; Stippling • Intermediate Range (1.5- 3.5 ft.): No fouling; hot fragments of burning gunpowder; “ball” and “fake”stippling at entrance wound • Distant (greater than 3.5 ft.): No soot or burning propellant; clean wound margins • Entrance wound: rim of abrasion dragging surrounding skin • Exit wound: projectile penetrates skin and pushes in outward

23. STAB WOUNDS • Laceration is a tearing injury due to friction or impact with a blunt object. • Puncture is a penetrating injury due to pointed object without a blade, such as an ice pick. The typical laceration has edges which are ragged3, bruised, and/or abraded. • Incised wound is a cutting injury due to slicing action of a bladelike object. • The wound edges are smooth. Serrated blades produce the same smooth edges as do nonserrated blades. • Abrasion is a friction injury removing superficial layers of skin, allowing serum to exude and form a crust. • Contusion is a bruise due to rupture or penetration of small-caliber blood vessel walls. • Slash wounds tend to look like bullet wounds that only graze the surface of the skin. Other types of slash wounds are called "hesitation marks" commonly found in suicide cases. They are typically rectangular in shape; i.e., their cuts are as wide and they are long. • Incision wounds, on the other hand, always have lengths greater than their depth, and you'll easily notice that a greater amount of subsurface tissue is exposed in an almost oval fashion. Another type of wound is the puncture wound (sometimes called a stab or "shive" wound) which has no geometric shape (except perhaps circular) and is most distinguishable by its clean-cut edges.

24. BURN AND BLUNT FORCE WOUNDS • Scorching or burning of skin leads to sepsis and is immediate cause of death • Wounds caused by heat, chemicals, or electricity • Fire victims found in “pugilistic” position: clenched fists, resembling pose of boxer • Heat causes protein in body to contract • Blood and lung samples taken • Blunt Force trauma results from clubbing, kicking, or hitting the victims. • The blow produces a crushing effect on the human body, resulting in contusions, abrasions, lacerations, fractures, or rupture of vital organs. • Red-blue contusions are always present, but this varies by the weight of the individual (obese people bruise easier than lean people)

25. RAPE WOUNDS AND POISONING • Examination of genital area for signs of tearing, scratching or bruising • Female victims are checked whether or not they were virgins by looking at hymen • Venereal disease and/or pregnancy determined • Foreign pubic hair, blood stains, seminal stains collected • DNA typing helps identify deposited sperm if ejaculation occurred • Determined by discolorations on body • Cherry- red lividity is sign of carbon monoxide poisoning • Toxins give off unusual odors • Certainty of diagnosis requires toxicological confirmation • Samples taken of stomach, vomit, kidney, lungs, liver

26. AUTOPSY OF NICOLE SIMPSON • Irwin L. Golden, M.D. Deputy Medical Examiner performed an autopsy on Nicole Brown Simpson on June 14, 1994. • Her death was ascribed to multiple sharp force injuries including: • Incised wound of neck: • Transection of left and right common carotid arteries. • Incisions, left and right internal jugular veins • Transection of thyrohyoid membrane, epiglottis, and hypopharynx. • Incision into cervical spine, C3. • Multiple stab wound of neck and scalp (total of seven). • Multiple injuries of hands, including incised wound, ring finger of right hand (defense wound). • Scalp bruise, right parietal. • Dr. Lakshamanan Sathyavagiswaran believes Nicole Simpson’s stab wounds were done with a single-edged knife.

27. AUTOPSY OF RONALD GOLDMAN Irwin L. Golden, M.D. Deputy Medical Examiner performed an autopsy on Ronald L. Goldman on June 14, 1994. Dr. Lakshmanan Sathyavagiswaran believes the knife wounds were done with a single-edged knife, O.J. Simpson had purchased a single-edged knife prior to the murders. • His death was ascribed to multiple sharp force injuries including: • Sharp force wound of neck, left side, with transection of left internal jugular vein. • Multiple stab wounds of chest, abdomen, and left thigh: Penetrating stab wounds of chest and abdomen with right hemotorax and hemoperitoneum. • Multiple incised wounds of scalp, face, neck, chest and left hand (defense wound). • Multiple abrasions upper extremities and hands (defense wounds).

28. CRIMINAL PROFILING PROCESS • Criminal profiling provides assistance with difficult investigations. • The goal is to determine the homicide style and type. • Profiles come from forensic analysis and behavioral problems. • Profiler looks at weather, local events, and time of day surrounding crime. • Profile analysis include physical traits, family life, vehicle type, etc. • Profilers look at their surroundings: does the murderer live with kids, is he married, what does he like to do? • A medical examiner's opinion is also used. • The murderers modus of operandi is examined. • The killers’ primary intent must be established.

29. PROFILE OF MASS MURDERERS • Often kill for no reason other than to enjoy the act. • Usually have above average intelligence. • Usually kill 2 or more people at a time. • Usually want to die. • Are not affected by the death sentence. • Almost anything can trigger a mass murderer, ranging from lost job to lost love. • Victims are very random. Anyone can be a target. • Hard to detect because they live normal lives. • If they are not caught, they will repeat their heinous act. • The age of mass murderers is getting younger. • They have no motive for killing other than the act itself. • They usually are not mentally ill.

30. COLLECTION AND PROCESSING OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE • Obtain a search warrant. • All evidence must be packaged separately to prevent cross-contamination. • Written records must be kept of all the evidence collected. • All evidence must be labeled, packaged properly accordingly, and either hand or mail delivered to the closest laboratory. • Evidence must be documented by labeling the location, date, and who collected it. • A record of anyone that has contact with the evidence after it is sent to the evidence storage room must be recorded as the chain of custody. • Blood must be collected and stored in envelopes dry. • Fingerprints must be lifted (powders, chemicals, lasers, etc.) • Tool marks must be photographed • Hairs and Fibers must be picked up with tweezers and stored in airtight containers. • Any pieces of glass must be picked out with tweezers and stored in containers • Ammunition, guns, or any explosives must be hand delivered to the forensic lab. • Biological specimens must be refrigerated or frozen during storage and shipping to avoid deterioration. • Any shoe print or tire print must be photographed and measured. • Evidence such as business records, personal correspondence, and cancelled checks should be collected. • All lab methodologies must conform to the Frye standard.

31. CURRENT POLICIES FOR MASS MURDERERS IN AMERICA • In the United States Federal Policy Title 18 Section 1111 Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought • First Degree Murder- perpetrated by poison, lying in wait, or any other kind of malicious and premeditated killing: or committed in the perpetration of any arson, escape, kidnapping, treason, espionage, sabotage, sexual abuse, burglary, or robbery • Within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, anyone above the age of 18 at the time of the offense and found guilty of murder may be sentenced to death • The New York State Policy describes the sentences of imprisonment under Penal Article 70. • For a class A felony, the term shall be life imprisonment • The New York State Bill A02518 requires consecutive sentences and prohibits parole or conditional release for persons convicted of murder in the first degree. • The New York State Bill A03499 states to deny bail for defendant before or after indictment who is charged with murder one or murder two. • Mass murderers are sent to maximum security prisons without parole. • Maximum security facilities are fortresses with high barbed-wire fences, tall watch towers monitored by guards armed with machine guns, electronically controlled gates, and interior surveillance by guards and closed circuit television.

32. NEW YORK STATE POLICY • New York State policy describes the sentences of imprisonment under Penal Article 70 • The New York State Bill A02518 requires consecutive sentences and prohibits parole or conditional release for persons convicted of murder in the 1st degree • The New York State Bill A03499 states to deny bail for defendant before or after indictment who is charged with murder one of murder two. • Mass murderers are sent to maximum security facilities

33. THE MOST EFFECTIVE ANDFEASIBLE POLICY • A 24-hour/ 7day-a-week hotline • Immediate action by law enforcement agencies and medical personnel • Warnings of dangers • Educational programs • warning signs • public safety • self defense • Increased local, state and national security • Training in detecting warning signs in young children, teenagers and young adults. • Increased guidance and support for troubled youth and their families • community agencies • schools • religious organizations • Stiff penalties for offenders

34. REFERENCES • SLIDE # 1 Cover Page: therapids.net/dbv4u/tiles/ firewood_tile.jpg Background • http://www.q1.com/PIX-LOGO-DEVELOPMENT/murder.jpg • http://www.tillmanbb.com/images/murder.jpg • SLIDE # 2- Murder Across America • http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/homicide/region.htm • SLIDE # 3 - Causes of Murders • http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/homicide/circumst.htm • SLIDE # 4- Number of Mass Murders 1976-1999 • http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/homicide/multiple.htm • SLIDE # 5 Age of Mass Murderers 1976- 1999 • http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/homicide/teens.htm • SLIDE # 6- Causes of the Problem • http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/crime_stories/46024/ • http://www.faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/401/401lect21.htm • SLIDE # 7 - Characteristics of Mass Murderers • http://www.criminalprofiling.com/ • http://www.forensic-crim.com/ • SLIDE # 8 - Types of Mass Murderers • www.goldenpioneermuseum.com/ exhibits.htm • www.sparky.org/cool/ cool-poison.htm • memory.loc.gov/ammem/ ndlpedu/educators/

35. SLIDE # 9- Modus Operandi http://www.fortunecity.com/roswell/hammer/73/murderchar.html www.lsic.ucla.edu/.../powerpointhtml/ warfarenew/sld019.htm http://www.crime-scene-investigator.net/blood.html • SLIDE # 10-Blood Viewed as Evidence http://www.faculty.ncwc.edu/toconnor/425/425lect13.htm www.grandopera.com/ storyc2.html www.thepacc.org/ Chronology5.html www.amnesty.dk/sider/bibliotek/ jamaica.htm • SLIDE # 11-Blood Splatter Evidence http://www.brazoria-county.com/sheriff/id/blood/bloodsplatter_general.htm • SLIDE # 12 - Blood Stain Patterns http://www.brazoria-county.com/sheriff/id/index.htm • SLIDE # 13 & 14 - Blood Evidence in the OJ Simpson Trial www.cnn.com/US/9701/30/simpson.update/ simpson.t1.jpg • SLIDE # 15- RFLP Testing www.brand.de/english/newslink/ news/new_e.htm • SLIDE # 16- PCR Testing Sixth Edition- Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science by Richard Saferstein • SLIDE # 17- PCR Results in the OJ Case http://www.courttv.com/casefiles/simpson/criminal/summary/week16.html www.bioventures.com/ genereleaser.html www.barc.usda.gov/ psi/fl/pcr.jpg

36. SLIDE # 18 - The Forensic Pathologist • http://www.forensicmed.com/faq4.htm • http://www.med.unr.edu/medlib/pathsyl/foreni.html • www.stchris.edu/stchris/ clinicalpic.jpg • www.swlink.net/.../BeyersBizzareDrawing/ BizzareDrawing.htm • SLIDE # 19- Time/Cause/Circumstances of Death • http://www.dundee.ac.uk/forensicmedicine/llb/timedeath.htm • http://www.campusrat.com/basementpapers/papers/stack12_14.html • www.adfs.state.al.us/ adfs/articles/di.htm • www.deakin.edu.au/.../Chemical%20Detective/ disciplines.htm • SLIDE #20- Asphyxia and Strangulation • www.weirdclipart.com/ arc10.html • www.ranchropes.com/ rope%20order%20form.htm • www.ramseyfamily.com/ garrote.html • SLIDE # 21- Drowning • www.cs.uoregon.edu/~michal/ • SLIDE #22- Bullet Wounds • Bullet wounds: medlab1.unm.edu/biomedcom/Photography/ bullet-hole-jpgs.htm • www.mel.nist.gov/div821/webdocs-13/ bullets-1.jpg • SLIDE # 23- Stab Wounds • SLIDE # 24- Burn Wounds

37. SLIDE # 25- Rape wounds and Poisoning • www.uwm.edu/Dept/EHSRM/ LAB/labgascyl.html • www.box.net.au/~gkhume/ poisons.html • www.springfielddelco.org/ currentevents.htm • www.puzzlesink.com/ ssigns2.HTM • www.drugabuse.gov/.../Prescription/ prescription2.html • SLIDE # 26- Autopsy of Nicole Simpson • http://www.lectlaw.com/files/cas45.htm • SLIDE # 27- Autopsy of Ronald Goldman • http://www.lectlaw.com/files/cas47.htm • SLIDE # 28- Criminal Profiling Process • http://www.criminalprofiling.ch/ • http://www.corpus-*delicti.com/Profiling_law.html • http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminolog • SLIDE # 29- Profile of Mass Murderers • S

38. SLIDE # 30- Collection and Processing of Physical Evidence • http://students.washington.edu/radin/oj. • http://www.cnn.com/US/OJ/index.htm • http://www.wagnerandson.com/oj/OJ html • SLIDE # 31 - Current Policies Relating to Mass Murders • http://www.caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/casecode/uscodes/18/parts/ii/chapters/ 228/sections/section_3591.html • http://www.caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/nycodes/law82/art18.html • http://www.assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?bn=A02518 • http://www.assembly.state.ny.us/leg/?bn=A03499 • http://www.uwlax.edu/ereserves/cox/soc324/oj_simpson_case.htm • SLIDE # 32- New York State Policy Relating to Mass Murders

39. The Bronx High School of Science Slide Show Leaders/ Coordinators: Sheena Lall Sofia Papakostas Julia Hui Jennifer Santamaria Alexandra Cosmatos Grace Wen Angela Francis Production Staff: Class SBF-05 Teacher: Ms. Villani Susanna Barry Caitlin McGinty Victor Berrios Juan Carlos Medrano Yung-Han Chen Qing Miao Sarah Colle Christina Nadler Alexandra Cosmatos Adam Novzen Dennis Espinoza Charlene Poulos Angela Francis Xizi Qiu Victoria Friedrich Jennifer Santamaria Tracey Fung David Sat Fernando Hernandez Kum-Ting See Julia Hui Jesse Smith Norman Jang Jose Sun Andrew Kobets Sarah Thomas Sheena Lall Erik Venetsky Daniel Lee Erica Watson Annie Liu Grace Wen Olga Mantilla Betty Yu CREDITS