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Chapter Eleven

Chapter Eleven. Dynamics, Timbre, and Texture. Basic Elements of Music. Rhythm Melody (pitch) Harmony Timbre (sound) Dynamics Texture Form (shape). Dynamics. Dynamics are the relative volume of sound and are measured in decibels.

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Chapter Eleven

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  1. Chapter Eleven Dynamics, Timbre, and Texture

  2. Basic Elements of Music • Rhythm • Melody (pitch) • Harmony • Timbre (sound) • Dynamics • Texture • Form (shape)

  3. Dynamics Dynamics are the relative volume of sound and are measured in decibels. Dynamics go from the threshold of sensation (softest sound we can hear) to the threshold of pain. Experts agree that continued exposure to noise above 85 decibels, over time, will cause hearing loss.Noise levels above 140 decibels can cause damage to hearing after just one exposure.

  4. Dynamics • Common sounds measured in decibels • 0 softest sound a person can hear • 10 normal breathing • 20 whispering at 5 feet • 30 soft whisper • 50 rainfall • normal conversation • 75-85 flush toilet • CD player or car stereo on high • 120 rock concert

  5. Dynamics • When applied to music, dynamics are referred to by the abbreviations of the Italian terms for loud and soft— • Abbr. Italian term Dynamic • pp pianissimo-- very softp piano-- softmp mezzo piano-- medium softmf mezzo forte-- medium loudf forte-- loudff fortissimo-- very loud

  6. Timbre (tam-ber) • The tone quality of a sound, also called tone color, which distinguishes two instruments or voices or groups of instruments or voices.Terms such as bright, dark, thin, mellow, brilliant, nasal, etc. are used to describe timbre. • Blended TimbreLike-Instrument Ensemble(all flutes, for example) • DiverseTimbreMany Different Instruments and Voices(symphony orchestra, for example)

  7. Texture Types (Refer back to Intro to Intro Powerpoint) • Monophonic • Homophonic • Polyphonic • Heterophonic • Homorhythmic • Polyrhythmic

  8. Monophonic Texture • Single Melody Line • Can have more than one performer but everyone plays or sings the same thing. • Examples • singing Happy Birthday • violin section playing a solo

  9. Homophonic Texture • Predominant Melody with • Subordinate Accompaniment • Examples • Dave Matthew's singing while his band plays the accompaniment • Flute solo with piano accompaniment

  10. Polyphonic Texture • Two or More musical lines of equal importance • Example • Row, Row, Row Your Boat

  11. Heterophonic Texture • A Texture in which each performer presents his/her own Variation of the melody at the same time. There are very few examples of heterophony in Western music. And there is no Western genre that relies on heterophony.

  12. Homorhythmic Texture A texture with several different parts with the same or nearly identical rhythm.

  13. Polyrhythmic Texture A texture with an organizing factor[usually too rapid to be perceived as a beat]that unifies several different rhythms[often contrasting]that are played together

  14. Symphony Orchestras

  15. Symphony Orchestras Have grown in size over the years 17th––18th Century 15-30 players 19th-21st Century 30-120 players

  16. Romantic Era (1820-1900) • Widespread acceptance and increase in popularity of Public Concerts • Concerts moved to larger halls • Composers experimented with larger forces • Valves developed ca. 1815 for brass instruments

  17. Benjamin Britten (1913-1976) Britten’s most famous piece of music isYoung Person’s Guide to the Orchestra: Variations and a Fugue on a Theme of Henry Purcell. Britten wrote the piece for the film The Instruments of the Orchestra. It normally includes a narration which has been recorded by many actors over the years.

  18. Sections (Families) of the Orchestra • Strings— violins, violas, cellos, string basses, etc. • Woodwinds— clarinets, oboes, flutes, bassoons, etc. • Brass— trumpets, French horns, trombones, tubas, etc. • Percussion— snare drums, tympani, bells, tambourines, cymbals, etc.

  19. Seating Plan of Orchestra

  20. Seating Plan of Orchestra

  21. Strings

  22. String Family Violin Viola Cello Bass (with cello)

  23. Woodwinds

  24. Woodwind Family Piccolo Flute Oboe Clarinet Bassoon

  25. Brass Solid Brass Quartet

  26. Brass Family Tuba Trumpet Trombone French Horn

  27. Percussion

  28. Percussion Timpani Xylophone Snare Cymbals Hand Percussion

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