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World History: The Earth and its Peoples

World History: The Earth and its Peoples. Chapter 12 Western Eurasia, 1200 - 1500 C.E. Objectives. Be able to account for the magnitude and speed of the Mongol conquests. Be able to describe the benefits that resulted from the integration of Eurasia in the Mongol Empire.

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World History: The Earth and its Peoples

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  1. World History:The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 12 Western Eurasia, 1200 - 1500 C.E.

  2. Objectives • Be able to account for the magnitude and speed of the Mongol conquests. • Be able to describe the benefits that resulted from the integration of Eurasia in the Mongol Empire. • Be able to compare and contrast the effects of Mongol rule on Russia and the lands of Islam with the effects on East Asia. • Be able to identify points of continuity and discontinuity in the transition from Mongol to Ming rule of China.

  3. The Rise of the Mongols Genghis Khan - 1206 • supreme leader • Temujin • early learnings • charisma of personal strength • religious tolerance • no mercy • versatility Mongols • nomads from steppes of C.Asia • key to movement • long-term trends • pressures

  4. The Rise of the Mongols Nomadism - 1000 CE • way of life forced by scarcity of resources • pastures, water • slavery and tribute • labor and currency • traits • superb horsemen • shooting arrows • replacement of chariots • centralized decision-making • decision ratification • arranged marriages / alliances • women • negotiation / management • alliance building

  5. The Rise of the Mongols Trade and Communication • great cultural diversity • spread of religious ideas • shamanism • politics / religious association • universal rulership • legitimate conquests • claim superiority over religious leaders • iron • bridles, stirrups, wagons, bridges • settled agriculturalists • mutual dependence • conflict vs. trade relations

  6. Mongol Conquests Genghis Khan - 1206-1227 • C. Asia, Middle East, Russia • tribute • Batu • Russia • Ogodei • Tanggut and Jin • 1241 Reasons for Success • horsemanship; superior bows • Mamluk forces • flaming arrows; catapults • threat of slaughter • inclusive armies

  7. Mongol Empire

  8. Overland Trade Textile Manufacture • silk • westward expansion • Eastern motifs to West • Mongol trade route control • merchants, missionaries • political ambassadors • paisa • travel literature • insights to Eurasia • Marco Polo • ambition for Asian routes • image of inexhaustible wealth • plague • great pandemic (1347-1352)

  9. Fall and Rise of Islam, 1260-1500 Il’khan • Mesopotamia and Iran • little Muslim exposure • Buddhist Golden Horde • southern Russia • allied with Muslim Turks • Batu conversion - 1260 Issues • Abbasid caliph - 1258 • Caucasus • Western alliance • Ghazan conversion - 1295 • forced conversion

  10. Islam and the State Il-khan Economic Goal • peaceful, maximum tax revenue • tax farming • tax-collecting contracts • short-term • good: minimum overhead • long-term • bad:land bankruptcy • govt. land appropriation • shrinking tax base • Ghazan • new method of management • paper money • no Middle East confidence • depression • Rise of C. Asian Timurs

  11. Art and Science in Islamic Eurasia Ilkhans and Timurids • intellectual developments • Iran to China • shared artistic trends; politics • strong effects on Europeans • Juvaini • 1st to write history of Mongols • Rashid al-Din • Il-khan prime minister • attempt at world history • Europe and China • Nasir al-Din • algebra and trigonometry • astronomy; planetary revolution • Nicolas Copernicus

  12. Art and Science in Islamic Eurasia Maraga • world center for eclipse prediction • amass astronomical data from entire empire • Spain, Byzantine, India, China • European numeral transition • adaptation of Indian numeral system • fractions idea from China • precise pi calculation

  13. Regional Definition In Response to the Mongols Mongols Affected Regions • cities vs. countryside Russia • Batu (1230 CE) • rule from Crimea • successful winter campaigns • no united resistance • Russian Orthodox Church • granted great privileges • reconciliation • distance = church survival • church = Russian identity • independence

  14. Regional Definition In Response to the Mongols • Russian Princes • tax collectors / census takers • Alexander Nevskii • better to submit Moscow • dominant political center • destruction of Kievan countryside • Ivan III • prince of Moscow (1462-1505) • tsar (1480)

  15. Centralization in Europe and Anatolia Papacy vs. Holy Roman Emperor • Western Europe • Holy Land question • Frederick II (Hohenstaufen) • 1212-1250 • Eastern Europe • Hungary / Poland defense • Teutonic Knights • Christianization • colonization • Lake Chud • end of northern Crusades • multinational force • 1241 CE

  16. Centralization in Europe and Anatolia Trade Routes • replace terror with awe • inexhaustible wealth • Technology • gunpowder; coal mining • metallurgy; bronze cannons • mathematics; diplomatic passports Negatives • plunder of the countryside • spread of the plague Rise of the Ottoman Turks • conquest of Constantinople (1453)

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