World History 1500 to Present

1. World History 1500 to Present Notes: World Empires and Religions circa 1500 AD; Renaissance, Reformation and Scientific Revolution Intro SOLs: 1 a-e; 2 a-d; 3 a-c; 6 a-c; 14 a,b

2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=2s13X66BFd8#t=1http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=2s13X66BFd8#t=1

3. Characteristics of Civilization: • Cities • Organized Government • Complex Religion • Job Specialization • Social Classes • Art & Architecture • Public Works • Writing System

5. Ancient Civilizations • (Yellow • River) • Loess-soil • (China) • East Asia • (Pakistan) • South Asia • Ancient • India • Nile flows • Silt- Soil • (Egypt) • N. Africa • (Iraq) • Middle East • Mesopotamia

7. Cities • Mesopotamia • (Fertile Crescent) • divided into • (City-States) self • sufficient units • “Land between • the river” • Sumer-1st • Civilization • Cities found all • along the Nile • River • Cities found • along the • Huang He • River • Cities built with • standardized • brick— • rectangular • shaped

8. Governments Ruled through • had its own king to rule • Hammurabi of Babylon wrote the first CODE of LAWS • Ruler/God • Absolute power • Men- Hereditary • rulers gave evidence of a government King Soldier Artisans Peasants Gov’t. Officials

9. Religion (many Gods and Goddesses) dealing with nature Ancestor worship (many Gods and Goddesses) dealing with nature (many Gods and Goddesses) Belief in an afterlife

10. Writing clay tablet and a wedge shaped stylus 3,000 characters Papyrus marked ownership (Hieroglyphics Greek, & Demonic) records

11. Public Works/ Art, and Architecture Sewage system beneath the twin cities Irrigation systems Irrigation systems temples for their gods with Stairs Irrigation systems tombs for their Pharaohs Irrigation systems

12. Social Ranking King Priest Artisans and Merchants Peasants/ Farmers

13. Contributions and Technologies Copper and bronze Sculptures Weights And Measures Form of Geometryused to make accurate calculations to build the pyramids Calender-365 days—to predict the floods Bronze working Silk Wheel Epic of Gilgamesh, studies in astronomy, mathematics (units of 60), and medicine.

14. World Religions Essential Information http://www.mapsofwar.com/images/Religion.swf

15. Essential Questions What is “religion” “commitment or devotion to an organized system of beliefs, ceremonies and practices” What is the PURPOSE of religion? Help people seek answers to enduring questions

16. Psychologists deny that there is a “religious” instinct Social environment Upbringing/conditioning Search for value/meaning in life (both intellectual and emotional) Religion is linked to morality Morals vary from society to society “learning about” and “practicing” are two different things…Practice what you will, but you are expected to “learn” about them all Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review of World Religions:

17. When did man first exhibit “religious feelings?” • Dreams & Visions • Fears, Magic, superstition….”the little voice of right and wrong” • Burying the dead with care and/or ceremony

18. Physical Geography • Natural barriers will delay the spread of some religions/ideas/ traditions

19. The Sky figured prominently in early religions

20. “The Sun” was central to many early religions • Source of light, heat, “life” • Symbols of the sun associated with power/royalty • Knowledge of the heavens (astronomy) meant some scholars could let rulers know when solar events would occur

22. The Moon and its phases did too…

23. Early man paid attention to the sky and to nature • The “celestial bodies” and forces of nature were mysteries • Powerful • Predictable (at least the sun, moon, and seasons) • “Awesome” to contemplate…therefore:

24. Astronomy was part of many early religions

25. The sun and moon were constant…nature changed • Everything has a spirit • Nature offered many “gods” and “goddesses” for early man to worship and respect • Modern people refer to these non-organized religious practices as “Pagan” religions

26. What is “Paganism?” • Earth/nature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages • Earliest civilizations in Sumer, Greece and Rome would be classified as “pagan” religions • Druids and “goddess” or “Mother Earth” worshippers • “polytheistic” by definition…. • http://library.thinkquest.org/28111/

27. Theology: Ecclesiastical: Secular: Doctrine: Rituals: Deity: Denomination: Sect: Agnostic: Atheist: The study of religions Related to the church or clergy Related to worldly things Beliefs of a religion Ceremonial rites of a religion Any kind of god or goddess Subset of an organized religion Implies the group broke away from a religion Believes humans can not know whether God exists Does not believe God exists at all Working Vocabulary for Our Study

28. POLYTHEISM The belief in many gods Many ancient religions were “polytheistic” Many tribal societies worship nature gods MONOTHEISM The belief in only ONE god Hebrews (Jews) were the first monotheistic group in ancient times Christians were next Muslims were next Belief in “gods” versus “GOD”

29. Hinduism: Images and Symbols 1 2. 4. 3. 5.

30. 1. “Om” 2. “Bindi” 4. “Swastika” 3. “Lotus” 5. “Trishula”

32. Hinduism • I. Oldest “living” religion A. Origins 4,000 years ago in earliest cities of India • No single founder/shaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures • A way of life • “polytheistic” BUT “Brahman” is 1 spiritual force represented through many gods

33. Hinduism B. Basic Beliefs: • Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form based on behavior of present life • Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life • Dharma-religiousand moral duties • Caste System-rigidsocial ranking • 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator) VISHNU (the Preserver) SHIVA (the Destroyer)

34. In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation. (Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)

35. Hinduism C.Sacred Texts:VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism D.Customs: • Ahisma:(nonviolence) all living things are aspects of brahman and deserve respect • Caste system: rigid social ranking, outlawed but still “there” • Ganges River: sacred river, “River= Soul” • Cow: sacred animal • Dietary restrictions: Hindus do not eat beef/cow

36. Hinduism • E.Spread/Influence: • Mostly India and a few other Asian nations • Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince) • Symbols part of popular culture

37. Symbols and Images of Buddhism 1. 3. 2. 4. 5.

39. The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes, signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path.

40. II. Buddhism A. Origins : Siddharta Gautama “the enlightened one” (Buddha) founded it in India It spread to China, Tibet, Korea,….not popular in India B. Basic Beliefs: Life is a cycle of death and rebirth NIRVANA: state of bliss/escape from cycle of rebirth Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being or in powerful gods *personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from WITHIN each person

41. Buddhism C. Sacred Texts: Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy book with the core beliefs of the Buddha…. *Four Noble Truths* “All living holds suffering” “Suffering is related to/caused by GREED” “Suffering ends when GREED stops” “Stop Greed by living a proper life”……by following the eightfold path

42. Right views Right aspirations Right speech Right conduct Right livelihood Right effort Right mindfulness Right contemplation “Understand the 4 noble truths” and “commit to he 8 fold path” “Live a moral life, avoid evil words and actions” “Meditate to achieve enlightenment” One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold path……

43. Buddhism D. Customs: No formal places of worship Individual religion More “open” and accepting of all humans regardless of social position *equal opportunity religion* because it is really a quest for “self-understanding” Influence/Spread of Buddhism: China, Tibet, Korea and Japan • E.

45. Images and symbols of: Judaism

46. Judaism

48. III. Judaism Origins: Hebrews were first people to worship a single, all powerful god (MONOTHEISM) Judaism began 4,000 years ago Founder was Abraham around 1300 BC B. Basic Beliefs: One God Covenant: promise between God and Hebrews that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws LAWFULNESS: God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them

49. III. Judaism History: idea that God is changing the world and leading humanity to a better life Sabbath: special day of rest and prayer Jews observe it from dusk on Friday through Saturday C. Sacred Text: Torah A group of ancient writings called the Old Testament that tells the story