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Restriction Enzymes, Recombinant DNA, Gene Therapy & Genetically Modified Organisms

Restriction Enzymes, Recombinant DNA, Gene Therapy & Genetically Modified Organisms. Biology 2011. Restriction Enzymes. What they are: Enzymes obtained from bacteria that cut DNA What they do: Used to cut DNA at specific regions = restriction sites They can produce DNA with “sticky ends”

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Restriction Enzymes, Recombinant DNA, Gene Therapy & Genetically Modified Organisms

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  1. Restriction Enzymes, Recombinant DNA, Gene Therapy & Genetically Modified Organisms Biology 2011

  2. Restriction Enzymes • What they are: • Enzymes obtained from bacteria that cut DNA • What they do: • Used to cut DNA at specific regions = restriction sites • They can produce DNA with “sticky ends” • List of enzymes & restriction sites http://www.neb.com/nebecomm/products/category1.asp

  3. Restriction Enzymes (cont.) • How we use them: • To cut DNA into pieces for • gel electrophoresis • PCR • Gene cloning • To insert new DNA into an organism • Gene splicing - cutting DNA and inserting new DNA

  4. Recombinant DNA • What is it: • DNA from two organisms that is joined together • rDNA • How it is done: • DNA from both organisms is cut with the same restriction enzyme to get sticky ends • The pieces of DNA are then joined together using ligase. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2jUMG2E-ic

  5. Recombinant DNA (cont.)

  6. Uses of Recombinant DNA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YVdLJ78RBWk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n0UzdYRnMtY&feature=related

  7. Gene Therapy • What it is: • Technique for correcting defective genes that cause disease • How • A new gene could be inserted into the genome using a “vector” to deliver the DNA • Viruses are often used as vectors

  8. Current Status of Gene Therapy http://videos.howstuffworks.com/tlc/29327-understanding-gene-therapy-treatment-video.htm http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genetherapy.shtml

  9. Genetically Modified Organisms • What are they? • Organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques • Transgenic organisms – organisms with DNA from another species

  10. GMO Uses - Insulin Production • The gene for human insulin has been inserted into bacteria which are able to produce it. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AEINuCL-5wc&feature=related

  11. GMO Crops • Crops have been developed that are • Resistant to environmental conditions (freezing, drought) • Resistant to herbicides • Resistant to pests • Higher nutrient content (rice that is higher in iron and beta carotene

  12. GMO animals • Pharming - Genetically engineered goats produces milk containing Atryn, a human anticoagulant • Glow-in-the-dark fish, cats, mice, plants, bacteria • Knockout mice – mice that have genes that are turned off ; provides a model for studying and modeling different human diseases (cancer, obesity, heart disease, arthritis, Parkinsons disease…)

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