One Two Four Six

1. How many motor neurons are required to conduct an action potential from the spinal cord to smooth muscles in the wall of the intestine? One Two Four Six

2. What physiological changes occur in someone who is confronted by a large, vicious, growling dog? Decrease in metabolic rate and heart rate Decrease in mental alertness and dilation of respiratory passageways Increase in heart rate and blood pressure Increased action of salivary and digestive glands

3. On the basis of anatomy, how do you distinguish the sympathetic division from the parasympathetic division of the ANS? Origin of preganglionic fibers Number of preganglionic fibers Location of PNS ganglia Both 1 and 3 are correct

4. Which of these statements does not describe the parasympathetic division of the ANS? It is also called the craniosacral division. Preganglionic fibers originate in the brain stem. Preganglionic fibers are short. Postganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia close to or in target organs.

5. Where do the nerves that synapse in collateral ganglia originate? Lateral gray horns of the spinal cord between spinal segments T5 and L2 Anterior gray horns of the spinal cord between spinal segments T1 and L2 Dorsal gray horns of the spinal cord In the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord

6. Which structure contains a modified sympathetic ganglion? Sympathetic chain ganglia Splanchnic nerves Adrenal medulla Collateral ganglia

7. How is the adrenal medulla able to affect target cells throughout the body? It releases hormones into ducts within itself. Epinephrine and norepinephrine act as hormones and travel through capillaries. Effects are shorter lasting than those produced by sympathetic innervation. It has long postganglionic fibers.

8. How does a drug that stimulates acetylcholine receptors affect the sympathetic nervous system? The drug blocks sympathetic activity. The drug decreases sympathetic activity. The drug inhibits the parasympathetic division. The drug increases sympathetic activity.

9. How does a b blocker mediate high blood pressure? The drug aids parasympathetic stimulation. The drug decreases blood volume. The drug prevents sympathetic stimulation. None of the above is correct.

10. Stimulation of b receptors leads to all of the following except _____? Increase in metabolic activity of skeletal muscles Breakdown of stored triglycerides Constriction of smooth muscle along respiratory passageways Increase in heart rate and force of contraction

11. Since the sympathetic division travels through T1– L2, how are the organs of the head supplied with sympathetic innervation? There is no sympathetic innervation to the head. Preganglionic fibers ascend through the sympathetic trunk to cervical sympathetic ganglia. Preganglionic fibers ascend through collateral ganglia. None of these is correct.

12. Which nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic innervation of the lungs, heart, stomach, liver, pancreas, and parts of the small and large intestines? Glossopharyngeal nerve Greater splanchnic nerve Vagus nerve Facial nerve

13. How does stimulation of muscarinic receptors in cardiac muscle affect the heart? Increased cardiac tone Increased heart rate Decreased cardiac contractile force Decreased heart rate

14. Why is the parasympathetic division sometimes referred to as the “anabolic system”? Its stimulation increases nutrient content of blood. Its stimulation leads to skeletal muscle growth. It increases lipolysis and the breakdown of glycogen. Its stimulation leads to a feeling of energy and euphoria.

15. Which neurotransmitter is released by all neurons of the parasympathetic division of the ANS? Norepinephrine Epinephrine Acetylcholine Monoamine oxidase

16. What are the two types of ACh receptors located on postsynaptic membranes of parasympathetic neurons? Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors Alpha and Beta receptors Beta1 and Beta2 receptors G proteins and 2nd messengers

17. Which of these are not symptoms of muscarine poisoning? Vomiting and diarrhea High blood pressure and rapid HR Salivation and nausea Low BP and bradycardia

18. What physiological changes occur in an anxious patient who is about to undergo a root canal procedure? Decrease in motility of digestive tract Increased heart rate Increased breathing rate All of the above

19. Which of the following is correct concerning dual innervation? It allows nerves to maintain a background level of activity. Organs receive information from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS. Where it exists, the two divisions have the same effects. All of the above are correct.

20. Harry has a brain tumor that is interfering with the function of his hypothalamus. Could this tumor interfere with autonomic function? Why or why not? Yes; hypothalamus regulates ANS. Yes; all brain tumors affect ANS functioning. No; ANS has no relationship with the hypothalamus. No; ANS function is regulated by thalamus.

21. Which of the following is not a characteristic of higher order functions? Requires cerebral cortex Involves conscious and unconscious processing Part of the programmed wiring of the brain Subject to modification over time

22. As you recall facts while you take your A&P test, which type of memory are you using? Long term memory Skill memory Memory consolidation Short term memory

23. Which brain structure(s) aid(s) in making the transition from short term memory to long term memory? Hippocampus Amygdaloid body Nucleus basalis All of the above are correct

24. Which of these is a fact pertaining to REM sleep? Activity of the cerebral cortex is at a minimum. Energy use declines by about 30%. There is intense inhibition of somatic motor neurons. BP declines by about 30%.

25. How does LSD affect the brain stem, hypothalamus, and limbic system? What is the result? Activates serotonin receptors/hallucinations Decreases dopamine secretion/Parkinson-like disorder Decreases availability of serotonin/depression Increases dopamine secretion/schizophrenia

26. Which of the following is a consequence of age-relatedchangesin the synaptic organization of the brain? There is a reduction in rate of blood flow in arteries around the brain. The number of dendritic branches and interneuronal interconnections decrease. Neurons in the brain accumulate abnormal intracellular deposits. The gyri are narrower and sulci are wider.