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Innovation Networks in Second-Generation Ethanol

17th ICABR Conference “ Innovation and Policy for the Bioeconomy ” Ravello (Italy): June 18 - 21, 2013. Innovation Networks in Second-Generation Ethanol. Luiz Gustavo Antonio de Souza Márcia Azanha Ferraz dias de Moraes Maria Ester Soares Dal Poz José Maria Jardim da Silveira. Context.

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Innovation Networks in Second-Generation Ethanol

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  1. 17th ICABR Conference “Innovation and Policy for the Bioeconomy” Ravello (Italy): June 18 - 21, 2013 Innovation Networks in Second-Generation Ethanol Luiz Gustavo Antonio de Souza Márcia Azanha Ferraz dias de Moraes Maria Ester Soares Dal Poz José Maria Jardim da Silveira

  2. Context • There is an increasing demand for bioenergy; • The global market has seen second-generation (2G) ethanol – produced by bioconversion of lignocellulosic material - as an essential alternative to reach this demand; • There is no defined technology path to hydrolysis conversion; • There are higher economic gains to be the patent holder; • The production process of 2G ethanol is high-technology intensive; • The investments in 2G ethanol could generate spill-overs effects across sectors of economy; and • Enterprises have tried to initiate a production of 2G ethanol in a commercial scale.

  3. Research Question • What is the state-of-art on innovation of second-generation ethanol? Objective • To build and to analyze Second-Generation Ethanol Innovation Networks

  4. Construction of a Hypothetical Network • Each actor represents a node with their respective interactions • Each node could have an edge shared between nodes Isolated nodes Bidirectional flow • The number of links represents the relationships between agents in the network • A network with a large number of relationships has higher density compared to single actors. • It is possible to check if an actor is central in relation to others, ie, greater number of relationships occur only with a specific actor • It is possible to analyze the density of relations, ie, how strong are the links between the actors. Node Undirectional flow Edges

  5. Dataset Construction • Pre dataset: Second-generation ethanol background – first approach in ISI Web of Science (scientific papers), USPTO, WIPO and EPO (patents) databases; • To help the query definition • Final dataset: Definition of a 2G ethanol query • to build the final database: query was used to search in titles, abstracts and key-words of papers, plus claims in patent cases • Available data until 24th October 2012; • Databases: ISI Web of Science (scientific papers) and PatBase (patents); • Final result: Importing data to The VantagePoint software to deal, clean and export data • Networks Measures: Exporting data to UCINET software • Networks Visualization: Exporting UCINET files to Gephi software

  6. Query Query for Scientific Papers Searching for scientificpapers in topics: key-words, title, abstract - ISI Web of Science* Source: ISI (2012). *6.053 papersuntil 24th oct. 2012. Query for Scientific Patents Searching for patents in topics: title, abstract and claims - PatBase* Fonte: PatBase (2012). *3.334 papers until 24th oct. 2012.

  7. Second-generation cluster of papers by country • US has the leadership in publishing papers (22.44%) focused in second-generation ethanol and correlated areas; • The red central area shows the relationship of US and other countries – international collaboration (23.67%) - and the papers produced in national collaboration (76.33%); • After US the main countries are: China (9.84%), Brazil (4.99%), Japan (4.78%), India (4.30%), Germany (4.17%), Canada (3.96%), UK (3.51%), Spain (3.45%) and Sweeden (3.32%).

  8. Innovation Network in 2G ethanol: countries • US and Germany are prefered in a scientific collaboration point of view (preferential attachement); • US have the higher centrality index • Considering the knowledge diffusion, US have higher probability of being a leader in technology process of lignocelullosic convertion; • There is a relevant global interest of developing process in 2G ethanol.

  9. Innovation Network in 2G ethanol: institutions • Institutional efforts in 2G ethanol is concentrated in USDA, University of California , USP and NREL; • Brazil: only USP (University of São Paulo) places among the main institutions – reflects the expertise of Brazillian production of ethanol based on sugarcane; • USA: there is an intense relationship between government and university, reflected in USDA (government) and University of California position – US focused in programs promoting advanced fuels and low emissions specifications. Californa State has a special normative system focused to biofuels.

  10. Innovation Network in 2G ethanol: KeyWord Plus • KeyWord Plus is a special algorithm provided by ISI WoS (Thomson) that not evolves the author’s choice in traditional key-words. The process corroborates the methodological procedure of searching; • The Innovation Network shows the main research areas related to 2G ethanol; and • After direct areas like ethanol and fermentation, there are research related to Enzymatic Hydrolysis (Hydrolysis, Simultaneous-Saccharification, Escherichia-Coli).

  11. Innovation Network in 2G ethanol: citations • The Network have a scale-free configuration – There are prefered actors to cite or make papers in a collaborative perspective; • Lynd, Mosier, Wyman and Sun are the prefered in the network – the papers are focused mainly in 2G process and enzymatic hydrolysis; • Efforts to intensificate a international collaboration focused in 2G ethanol have to reflect the aspect that rich-get-richer (people prefered to collaborate with famous against unknown researchers).

  12. Patent agencies • USPTO and WIPO are the prefered agencies to request a patent; and • Policies to promote firms in 2G ethanol sector must focus in the main agencies against local

  13. Second generation papers by companies/institutions • Networks based on Patents in 2G ethanol show that the main efforts are being made by enterprises who have large production in medical sector (P&G, Lilly, Oreal); • University of California has an important place among firms who patented in 2G and correlated areas of ethanol – shows that the US efforts in a collaborative perspective (government-university) are effective; and • The results of IPC8 patent class shows that the main efforts are made in enzymes development, DNA recombinant technology and medical activities.

  14. Innovatgion Network in 2G ethanol: IPC8 patent class • The agregate class of IPC8 reveal a Network based on patents in 2G ethanol not exclusively based on fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis. There are a large sinergy with medical and reengineering areas (specially A61 area); • The economic gains of investing in 2G ethanol technology could overflow to other areas; and • Firms in medical areas may have advantages (scope economies) to develop new methods in enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. • National Policies have to reflect this aspects.

  15. Final Remarks • US places as principal actor in the state-of-art in second-generation ethanol with higher centrality position and effective institutional efforts; • There are larger benefits to medical enterprises making relationships through lignocellulosic procedures of obtaining 2G ethanol; • There is a diversity of countries who wants develop technology in 2G ethanol specially in a partnership with US; • The policemakers have to considerate that US already have a important position in state-of-art in 2G ethanol, making him a potential seller of technology based in that efforts; and • Countries like Brazil, who have a significant production in first generation ethanol (in this case sugarcane), do not play a central position on inovation on 2G ethanol • Should increase the efforts on research and development otherwise will be technology path-dependent of the main countries

  16. Innovation Networks in Second-Generation Ethanol Márcia Azanha Ferraz dias de Moraes mafdmora@usp.br

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