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Introduction to Biology

Introduction to Biology. Complexity of Life. Biology is the study of life (bacteria, protists , fungi, plants, animals) Subject is very complex Scientists strive to understand living processes in order to improve and prolong life .

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Introduction to Biology

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  1. Introduction to Biology

  2. Complexity of Life Biology is the study of life(bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, animals) Subject is very complex Scientists strive to understand living processes in order to improve and prolong life. The more we learn about life, the more we appreciate its wonder!

  3. All Living Things Share Common Characteristics 1.All organisms are made of cells - A cell is the smallest working unit of life. Multicellular Organisms UnicellularOrganisms

  4. 2. Reproduction • Living thingsreproduce. If this did not occur, species would die out.Two types: • sexual- two cells from different parents unite to produce the first cell of the new organism • asexual– in which the new organism has a single parent.

  5. 3. Growth & Development • All living things grow during at least part of their lives • Growth - occurs as the result of cell division and cell enlargement. • Development – process through which an adult organism arises through repeated cell divisions and differentiation of those cells to form the various types of body cells.

  6. Growth & Development – What’s the Difference? Organismsgrowby producing MORE CELLS & by cell ENLARGEMENT Organismsdevelopas they mature into an adult organism

  7. 4. Energy Utilization organisms take in energy and transform it to do many kinds of work. Ultimate source is thesun. Producers/Autotrophs convert sun’s energy into useable energy by a process calledphotosynthesis.

  8. Energy Utilization – cont. • Most other organisms rely on the energy stored during photosynthesis – these organisms are known as heterotrophs. • Examples - herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, and decomposers

  9. Energy Utilization – cont. • Metabolism- the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes. • Ex. - Cellular respiration, photosynthesis, digestion, protein synthesis 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O

  10. 5. Organisms Respond to Stimuli Living things respond to environmental cues or stimuli. Some stimuli are external (light and temperature), other stimuli are internal (blood glucose level).

  11. 6. Homeostasis “internal harmony”; maintaining internal equilibrium. Involves internal feedback mechanisms that work like a thermostat Ex: pH, body temperature, water balance, etc.

  12. 7. Evolutionary Adaptation As a group, any species can evolve, or change over time. Life evolves in response to interactions between organisms and their environment. Ex. Plants in the Namibian desert have adapted to the extreme hot and dry conditions.

  13. 8. Universal Genetic Code • The instructions for inheritance are carried by a molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. • This genetic code, with few minor variations, determines the inherited traits of every organism on Earth.

  14. B. Hierarchies of Organization • As thehierarchy is explored, special qualities, called emergent propertiesresult from the structure at each level. • There are 4 major hierarchies: • Biological Structure • Cellular Organization • Kingdoms • Biological Systems

  15. B. Hierarchies of Organization - cont • Biological Structure –atomsmolecules organelles cells. • The cell is the _basic unit_ of structure and function of all living things. In multicellular organisms, the order flows from cell _tissue organ organ systemorganism.

  16. B. Hierarchies of Organization - cont 2. Cellular Organization – Cells can be organized as prokaryotic(without a nucleus and membrane bound organelles), or eukaryotic(with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.

  17. B. Hierarchies of Organization - cont 3. Kingdoms – Living things are organized by their structural complexity and placed into one of six kingdoms. ArchaebacteriaEubacteriaProtista Fungi Plantae Animalia

  18. B. Hierarchies of Organization - cont 4. Biological Systems – There are levels of organization beyond the individual organism. For example… organismspopulations communities ecosystems biomes biosphere.

  19. BASIC CHEMISTRY

  20. Why study Chemistry in Biology? • Biology - study of LIFE! • Chemistry - part of chemistry deals with chemical compounds…. And chemical compounds are important to living things. • Ex:glucose- C6H12O6 water - H2O salt - NaCl

  21. Composition of Matter • Matter - Everything in universe is composed of matter • Matter is anything that occupies space or has mass • Mass – quantity of matter an object has

  22. Elements • Pure substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter • More than 100 elements (92naturally occurring)

  23. 99% of the mass of an organism is composed of 6 elements(SPONCH) sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), carbon (C), hydrogen (H) • Remaining 1% is composed of trace elements required by an organism in minute amounts. Iron (Fe) Iodine (I) Copper (Cu) Zinc (Zn)

  24. Compounds • Most elements do not exist by themselves • Readily combine with other in a fielementsxed ratio

  25. A compound is a substance made up of atoms of two or more elements • The proportion of atoms are always fixed • Chemical formula shows the kind and proportion of atoms of each element that occurs in a particular compound

  26. Chemical Bonds • Atoms in compounds are held together by chemical bonds. The tendency of elements to combine and form compounds depends on the number and arrangement of electrons in their outermost energy level - called valence electrons

  27. The chemical bonds that are important to Biology are covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds.

  28. Covalent Bonds • Formed by the sharingone or more pairs of valence electrons of two atoms. • Strongest type of bond • Impt to living things • Found inBiomolecules • Resulting substance is stable, and is referred to as amolecule.

  29. Ionic Bonds • Formed between two atoms when one atom losesan electron, and the other atom gainsan electron. • This giving & receiving results in charged particles known as ions - they have an uneven # of protonsandelectrons.

  30. Hydrogen Bonds • Occurs when H+ (which is already bonded to an electronegative atom) is ATTRACTED to another electronegativeatom. • Veryweakbond • Occurs between molecules, not elements. • Important inDNA, water. • Weak attraction - does NOT involve sharing or transferring of electrons.

  31. DNA Water

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