Chapter 29

1. Chapter 29 Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

2. The Rise of nationalism Conservatism vs. Liberalism

3. Ideological difference emerge Conservative Liberal Society is dynamic and change is normal signaling progress John Stuart Mill – majority should not impose its will on the minority Channel and manage change Prefers republican government/constitutions • Society is an organism that changes slowly • Edmund Burke – generational contract theory • Condemns radical change or revolution • Prefers strong central government (monarchy)

4. Enlightenment thinkers Please pull out your enlightenment thinkers chart and complete it during this portion of the lesson. ENLIGHTENMENT THINKERS: Applied new ways of understanding the natural world to human relationships, encouraging observation and inference in all spheres of life Critiqued the role that religion played in public life, insisting on the importance of reason as opposed to revelation. Developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and social contract Resistance to existing political authority, as reflected in revolutionary documents.

5. THOMAS HOBBES (1588 – 1679) • In nature, people were cruel, greedy and selfish. They would fight, rob, and oppress one another. • To escape this people would enter into a socialcontract: they would give up their freedom in return for the safety and order of an organized society. • Therefore, Hobbes believed that a powerful government like an absolute monarchy was best for society – it would impose order and compel obedience. It would also be able to suppress rebellion. • “Curiosity is the lust of the mind” • Wrote “Leviathan” – often used to support absolute monarchy • CONSERVATIVE OR LIBERAL?

6. JOHN LOCKE (1632 – 1704) • Believed in natural laws and natural rights. • At birth, the mind is a tabula rasa, a blank tablet. Everything we know comes from the experience of the senses – empiricism. • We are born with rights to LIFE LIBERTY AND PROPERTY because they are a part of nature, of our very existence – they come from god. • Wrote Two Treatises on Government • “All mankind... being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions.” CONSERVATIVE OR LIBERAL?

7. Locke #2 • Rulers / governments have an obligation, a responsibility, to protect the natural rights of the people it governs. • If a government fails in its obligation to protect natural rights, the people have the right to overthrow that government. • The best government is one which is accepted by all of the people and which has limited power (Locke liked the English monarchy where laws limited the power of the king). • Locke’s ideas influenced Thomas Jefferson more than anything else when Jefferson wrote the US Declaration of Independence in 1776. • Locke justified revolution in the eyes of the Founding Fathers. • Locke also influenced later revolutions in France (1789) and in many other places in the world in the 19th Century.

8. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712 – 1778) • People are basically good but become corrupted by society (ie: French monarchy). • For Rousseau, the social contract was the path to freedom: people should do what is best for their community. • The general will (of the people) should direct the state toward the common good. Hence, the good of the community is more important than individual interests. • “Force does not constitute right... obedience is due only to legitimate powers.” CONSERVATIVE OR LIBERAL?

9. MONTESQUIEU (1689 – 1755) • He strongly criticized absolute monarchy and was a voice for democracy. • Separation of Powers - the best way to protect liberty was to divide the powers of government into three branches: legislative; executive; and judicial. The Spirit of Laws • Checks and Balances – each branch of government should check (limit) the power of the other two branches. Thus, power would be balanced (even) and no one branch would be too powerful. • Montesquieu studied the history of governments and cultures all over the world. • “The spirit of moderation should also be the spirit of the lawgiver. “ CONSERVATIVE OR LIBERAL?

10. VOLTAIRE (1694 – 1778) • Advocated freedom of thought, speech, politics, and religion • Fought against intolerance, injustice, inequality, ignorance, and superstition. • Attacked idle aristocrats, corrupt government officials, religious prejudice, and the slave trade. • He often had to express his views indirectly through fictional characters because he lived in an absolute monarchy in France. • Candide • “ I do not agree with a word you say but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” CONSERVATIVE OR LIBERAL?

11. DENIS DIDEROT (1713 – 1784) • This philosophe worked 25 years to produce (edit) a 28 volume Encyclopedia – the first one. • The Encyclopedia was not just a collection of articles on human knowledge, it was intended to change the way people thought. Montesquieu, Voltaire, and others wrote articles. • Catholics who bought the books were under threat of excommunication • About 20,000 copies were printed between 1751 and 1789 despite efforts to ban the Encyclopedia. • “Every man has his dignity. I'm willing to forget mine, but at my own discretion and not when someone else tells me to.” CONSERVATIVE OR LIBERAL?

12. MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1759 – 1797) • She argued that women had not been included in the Enlightenment slogan “free and equal.” Women had been excluded from the social contract. Vindication of the Rights of Women. • Her arguments were often met with scorn, even from some ‘enlightened’ men. • Wollstonecraft believed in equal education for girls and boys. Only education could give women the knowledge to participate equally with men in public life. CONSERVATIVE OR LIBERAL?

13. Mary Wollstonecraft #3 - Quotes • If women be educated for dependence; that is, to act according to the will of another fallible being, and submit, right or wrong, to power, where are we to stop? • The divine right of husbands, like the divine right of kings, may, it is hoped, in this enlightened age, be contested without danger. • Let not men then in the pride of power, use the same arguments that tyrannic kings and venal ministers have used, and fallaciously assert that women ought to be subjected because she has always been so. • Strengthen the female mind by enlarging it, and there will be an end to blind obedience. Virtue can only flourish among equals.

14. ADAM SMITH (1723 – 1790) • Smith was a Scottish economist who has been called the “father of capitalism.”Wealth of nations • He was an advocate of laissez faire (French for let do ,let go,let pass. – often referred to as hands off. • Laissez faire was a theory of the ‘natural’ laws of economics: business should operate with little or no government interference. • “It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest.” CONSERVATIVE OR LIBERAL?

15. Revolutionary documents With the writings and musings of Enlightenment thinkers marinating worldwide, key documents emerged that supported revolution using the ideas of the enlightenment thinkers in concrete ways.

16. America - The Declaration of Independence • Called for Life, Liberty, & the Pursuit of Happiness • Jefferson wrote it – influenced heavily by whom?

17. France – Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen • Equality of all men • Soverignty rests in the people • Individual rights of liberty, property, security

18. Bolivar’s Jamaica Letter Venezuelan Mural Art

19. American revolution 1775-1783

20. Based on which Philosophe’s ideology? Assistance by : France, Spain, The Netherlands, & German states

21. French revolution 1787 - 1799

22. 3 estates Under the Old Regime, there were three estates (classes). Who was in each one?

23. The King & Marie • King Louis XVI (16) was a weak and extravagant leader. • Marie Antoinette was the wife of Louis XVI (16). • Spent too much $ on Versailles and wars • He wanted more $ so he called the estates general

24. What everyone wanted at the Estates General • 2nd estate wanted: • To keep the 3rd estate from getting a vote • Not to pay taxes • 3rd estate wanted: • One Man = One vote • King wanted taxes • 1st estate wanted: • to keep the 3rd estate from getting a vote • Not to pay taxes

25. Tennis Court Oath • The 3rd estate went to the Tennis court and… 1. Wrote a constitution • Began the National Assembly • This symbolized the beginning of representative govt. and an end to absolute monarchy! • King getting weaker!

26. Storming the Bastille • July 1789 • Peasants looking for guns and prisoners (there were 7 in there so mostly they wanted guns)

27. 1791 • National Assembly made a constitutional monarchy (King getting weaker) • King imprisoned • New name for government: National Convention

28. Checking for Understanding! Liberal Conservative Does a conservative want change? Will a conservative want to keep the monarchy? • Does a liberal want change? • Will the liberal want to keep the monarchy? • What is the prevailing thought of the day?

29. Jacobins • Radical French Revolutionary Group • Liberal politics • Get rid of the Catholic Church! (peasants didn’t like this idea!) • Led by • Maximilien Robespierre • Began the Reign of Terror • Leader of the Committee of Public safety • Guillotined the King and Queen

30. Reign of Terror • 25,000 to 40,000 dead • Executed Robespierre • Ended with a more conservative French Revolution

31. Enter Napoleon Bonaparte • Coup d’etat • Ruled France as military dictator. • Fixed taxes • Fixed corruption • Fixed banking • Restored the catholic church • Napoleonic Code

32. EMPORER! • Leader wasn’t enough! • France wasn’t enough!

33. What he got when he went to war.

34. 3 big mistakes Blockade of Britain Peninsular War Invasion of Russia

35. Waterloo 1815 • Europe vs. Napoleon • Napoleon lost • Exiled to St. Helena where he died alone • (this is not the entire story Christian, I apologize, we are out of time)

36. Haitian revolution 1796 – 1801 Second successful revolution in the Western Hemisphere First successful slave revolution! Go Toussaint!

37. Haitian Revolution • Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen • Largemarooncommunity • 500 fighters went to American Revolution

38. Haitian Revolution Continued • 1791 Civil war between whites and gens de couleur • 1791 Slave revolt led by Toussaint louverture • 1801 Constitution • 1802 Napoleon sent 40,000 troops • 1803 Toussaint died in France • 1804 Haiti established

39. Latin American Independence movements Mexico Latin/South America

40. Mexican Independence • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cT60g-GlnLs

41. Father Miguel Hidalgo: mexico Father Miguel Hidalgo: mexico • Inspired by the Enlightenment ideals • Called for a rebellion and marched on Mexico City with the lower classes, the Mestizo’s, mulattoes, and slaves • Defeated in 1811 by the upper classes, the peninsulares and creoles • Tried and failed again four years later Inspired by the Enlightenment ideals Called for a rebellion and marched on Mexico City with the lower classes, the Mestizo’s, mulattoes, and slaves Defeated in 1811 by the upper classes, the peninsulares and creoles Tried and failed again four years later

42. Free at Last • 1. Argentina 1816 • 2. Chile 1818 • 3. Columbia 1819 • 4. Peru 1821 • 5. Venezuela 1830

43. Central & South America Simon Bolivar • Gran Columbia • Brazilian independence • Pedro I

44. Linguistic, religious, & cultural commonalities: NATIONALISM

45. People groups around the world began to identify with one another based on: • Language • Religion • Social customs • Territory • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EH2v2eJjqik

47. Transitional ideologies The global spread of European political and social thought and the increasing number of rebellions stimulated new transnational ideologies and solidarities. Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of political ideologies, including liberalism, socialism, and communism.

48. Liberalism • Political doctrine that takes protecting and enhancing the freedom of the individual to be the central problem of politics.

49. Socialism

50. communism