Human Anatomy & Physiology Dr. Michael Raucci

1. Human Anatomy & Physiology Dr. Michael Raucci

2. Types of Anatomical Study Gross anatomy – the study of structures visible to the naked eye. Histology – the study of tissues (Gr. histos – “tissue”) with the aid of a microscope Cytology – the study of cellular structure and function (Greek kytos – “container”). Embryology – the study of the origin, structure, and development of the embryo (the initial 8 week stage of human development). Pathology – the study and diagnosis of disease (Gr. pathos – “suffering”).

3. Anatomical Position & Direction

6. Anatomical Planes

7. Anatomical Location

9. Body Organization • Tissue – a group of similar cells working together • Organ – 2 or more tissues working together • Organ System – … • Homeostasis – the maintenance of a stable internal environment

10. Tissue Types 1) Epithelial Tissue – covers and protects underlying tissues - Skin and lining of organs 2) Nervous Tissue – Sends electrical signals - Nerves and sensory organs 3) Muscle Tissue – made of cells that can contract and relax to produce movement - muscles and hollow organs 4) Connective Tissue – joins, supports, protects, insulates, nourishes and cushions organs. It keeps organs from falling apart. - fat, bone, ligaments

11. The Human Body • Contains 100 trillion cells (200 different types) • All cells require energy • DNA • Body Organization

12. Homeostasis • The maintenance of a stable and optimal internal environment for cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms. • A stimulus leads to a response which is controlled through negative or positive feedback. • Requires the measurement & regulation of homeostatic variables including temperature, pH, pressure, volume, concentration, etc.

13. Negative Feedback • By far the more common method of regulation • Stimulus leads to a response which then causes suppression of the response

16. Positive Feedback

17. Organ Systems • Integumentary System –external covering of the body; skin, hair & nails. • Skeletal System –body’s internal framework; the bones. • Muscular System –body’s means of movement and manipulation. • Nervous System –body’s control center; the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. • Endocrine System–glands that secrete hormones (chemical messages) into the blood • Cardiovascular System –body’s major transport system; heart, blood vessels, and blood. • Lymphatic/Immune System – returns fluid to the blood stream; detects and repels pathogens; lymphatic vessels, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, and more. • Respiratory System – delivers O2 to the blood and removes CO2; nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. • Digestive System – transports, breaks down, and absorbs food; eliminates indigestible remains; oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. • Excretory System – eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the blood; regulates blood volume, pressure, pH, and electrolytes; kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. • Male Reproductive System – produces sperm and testosterone; testes, penis, vas deferens, prostate gland, seminal vesicles. • Female Reproductive System – produces oocytes, estrogens, and progesterone; receives, retains, and expels the embryo/fetus/infant; ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.

19. Integumentary System • Skin, hair, and nails • Protects underlying tissues

20. Skin • Water-proof – keeps water in or out and foreign particles out • Has nerve endings for senses • Regulates body temperature with sweat glands (evaporation causes cooling). Sweat also removes some wastes • Synthesizes Vitamin D

21. Skin layers • Epidermis – epithelial tissue • Mostly dead cells filled with the protein keratin • outer portion of skin • Dermis – mostly connective tissue -lies below the epidermis with a lot of the protein collagen • Hypodermis – fat & other connective tissues

22. Skin Color • Genetically determined • Melanin – skin pigment • Absorbs harmful radiation reducing DNA damage

23. Hair and Nails • Hair - Can protect skin from UV radiation • Melanin gives it its color • In most mammals it can assist in body temperature regulation by standing the hair up and creating a blanket effect • Nails – protect toes and fingertips • Grow from a nail bed

24. Fingernails grow approximately 2 to 3 millimeters, or about 1/8 inch, per month. • Toenails grow slower than fingernails, at a rate of about 1 mm per month. • Hair, on the other hand, grows at a much faster rate: roughly ¼ to ½ inch per month, or 6 inches per year. • After bone marrow, hair is the fastest growing tissue in the body. • Hair and nails grow faster in the summer months than at any other time of the year.

25. Abnormalities • Wounds – heal via clotting, immune system and new regeneration or scar tissue • Cancer – damaged genetic material results in abnormal growth of cells and tissues. [ Basal Cell Carcinoma Keratosis (mole) Squamous cell Carcinoma Melanoma

26. keloid Neurofibromatosis Skin tag

27. Brief Atlas of Dermatologic Lesions quiz and atlas

28. Muscular System • Move bones – by contracting and relaxing • Maintain posture – continuously active • Squeeze and pump – assist the circulatory system

29. 3 types of muscles • Smooth – digestive system – moves food and waste through the system via peristalsis. Uses predominantly involuntary muscles. • found within the "walls” of hollow organs; such as blood vessels, bladders, uteri. gastrointestinal tracts • Cardiac – found only in the heart – self excitatory • Skeletal – attached to the bones for movement

30. How would you characterize this muscle? The nuclei are centrally located, there are no striations, and the musclefibers do not branch. Another good clue that this is smooth muscle is that when smooth muscle contracts, the nuclei take on a corkscrew appearance.

31. How would you characterize this muscle? The nuclei are centrally located, striations are present, and there is branching of the muscle fibers. Several intercalated discs are indicated by the white arrow heads.

32. How would you characterize this muscle? The nuclei are peripheral, striations are present, and there is no branching of the muscle fibers. Even when you cannot visualize striations, the peripherally placed nuclei allow you to differentiate skeletal muscle from both cardiac and smooth muscle.

33. Muscle Definitions • Voluntary – under conscious control • Involuntary – work irregardless of thought • Tendons – strands of connective tissue located at the ends of muscle. Attach the muscle to the bone • Flexor – bend a part of the body • Extensor – straighten a part of the body • Muscle tone – a baseline contraction that a muscle maintains even during relaxation * Many muscles work in pairs (contraction & relaxation)

36. Exercise • Resistance (weights, bands, gravity, etc.) – increase the size and strength of a muscle • Isometric – contraction without movement • Isotonic – contraction creates movement of a unchanging weight (barbell) • Isokinetic – contraction creates movement of a changing weight (nautilus machine) • Aerobic (running, swimming, cycling, etc) – improves the stamina of a muscle particularly the heart. • Defined as a sustained raising of the heart rate

37. Growth • Muscles grow in length in response to a stretch. • Muscles grow in bulk in response to a need.

38. Injury • Muscle strain • Ruptured tendon • Overstretching or overuse • Overuse can be a singular event or a repetitive activity • Inflammation

39. Treatment • Ice or heat? • Immobilization or mobilization? R – rest I – Ice C – Compression E - Elevation

40. What’s wrong with these Pictures?

41. Steroids • Anabolic Steroids – powerful chemicals that resemble the male hormone testosterone. Damages: heart, liver, kidneys, testes in men, labido, hirsuitism in women, emotional instability. • It also happens to be cheating

43. Skeletal System • Bones, cartilage and ligaments • The bones in your skeleton are alive

44. The Knee Joint

45. What’s in a bone? • Compact bone • Spongy bone – not really “spongy” – actually provides most of the strength of the bone via trabeculation • Compact bone – the hard, solid outer surface • Marrow – inside the bone – stores fat and makes new red blood cells

46. Cartilage lines the surface of a joint and is the flexible material found in the ears and tip of the nose • Joint • Sliding-vertebra • Ball and socket-shoulder, hip • Hinge- elbow, knee, jaw • Ligaments – connect bones to bones • Growth plates – cartilage surfaces which allow bones to grow in length. These close by age 15 in girls and 18 in boys

47. Levers and lifting • How do levers work? • How do you increase the effectiveness of a lever • What is the safest way to lift?

48. Cardiovascular system teaching aides • Why do we need blood? Why do we need oxygen? • Discuss women’s increased need for iron d/t menses • WBC demo – 2 volunteers – 1 is a pathogen and 1 is a macrophage. I am the WBC and I bump into cells of my own and recognize them but when I bump into a pathogen I make antibodies (Piece of blue tape) which attaches to pathogen and all its clones. Macrophage (24 hour buffet) only eats things that are marked with antibodies. • Use same demo to explain why can’t get chicken pox twice. Also explain how modifying a virus allows us to create a vaccine. And how an antibiotic works. • Platelets – discuss hemophilia • Heart - have demo heart available. Squeezing it makes no noise. Noise is created when the vavles slap shut. Like slapping hands together. • Fill balloon with water and put in hand to simulate heart pumping blood

49. CardiovascularSystem • AKA Circulatory System • Heart pumps blood through all the blood vessels supplying nutrients and removing wastes • Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries

50. Blood • An adult human body contains approximately 5 liters of blood • Plasma – the liquid part of the blood (water, minerals, nutrients, sugars, proteins, etc.) • Solids – RBCs, WBCs, Platelets