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Imagine you are part of a discovery of a new species of fish.

Imagine you are part of a discovery of a new species of fish. How would you know it was a new species?. What is a species? What other characteristics would you look for? What other characteristics does it have in common with known fish species?. Classification.

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Imagine you are part of a discovery of a new species of fish.

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  1. Imagine you are part of a discovery of a new species of fish.

  2. How would you know it was a new species? • What is a species? • What other characteristics would you look for? • What other characteristics does it have in common with known fish species?

  3. Classification • the grouping of objects or information based on similarities • Taxonomy: the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on their characteristics http://www.ict4us.com/r.kuijt/images/en_taxonomy.gif

  4. Classification Aristotle: a Greek philosopher, was the first to classify organisms into two groups Two groups… hmmm.

  5. Group 1: Plants Shrubs Herbs Trees

  6. Plants • How are the plants grouped or classified? Size Structure

  7. Group 2: Animals Land Air Water

  8. Animals • How are the animals grouped or classified? Habitat

  9. Classification Video

  10. Classification • Linnaeus: used Latin (a dead language) to classify organisms by physical and structural similarities If it looks like a dog and it smells like a dog, then it must be a dog.

  11. WhyLatin? Latin is a dead language, so it does not change.

  12. Linneaus Created BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE: a two-named naming system, bi = 2

  13. Binomial Nomenclature Uses 2 Latin names to describe an organism • Scientific name (genus and species) • Ex. Humans: Homo sapiens Homo = same sapiens = wise

  14. Binomial Nomenclature • Genus always begins with CAPITAL LETTER • species always begins with lower case letter • If typed, in italics • If hand written, underlined

  15. Binomial Nomenclature • Write your name in binomial nomenclature

  16. One more thing… • Phylogeny – shows the evolutionary relationship based on similarities

  17. Taxonomic Levels • Domain • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species Daring King Philip Came over for good spaghetti

  18. Taxonomic levels of a lynx and human Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae Genus: Lynx species: canadensis Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Hominidae Homo sapiens

  19. Salamander Dichotomous Key • Tool for grouping organisms • 2 choices or questions for each step

  20. Salamander Classification

  21. Viruses • Non living particles-must have host to reproduce- parasitic • Smaller than bacteria • Have a chromosome ( DNA or RNA) • Can cause diseases: HIV, chicken pox, herpes, cancer • Can be helpful: flower color patterns, vaccines www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/3565.php

  22. How to prevent viral infection • Avoid others’ body fluids • Vaccine – ex. “Gardasil”, T-cells capture antigen, stimulate B-cells (WBC) to produce antibodies http://sabahkamal.files.wordpress.com/2007/03/vaccine.jpg http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/images/making_vaccines.gif

  23. Virus Video

  24. Virus Pandemic of 1918

  25. Virus Reproduction Entry Attachment Assembly Lysis and Release Replication http://www.coachbrown.lunarpages.net/lytic-cycle.jpg

  26. HIV  AIDS • After exposure, virus hides in cells (as provirus) • Can hide for years • When triggered, ex. Stress, becomes lytic virus • Causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) • Die from secondary infections, ex. Pneumonia http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/health/aids/images/AIDS_Map_Adults1.gif

  27. AIDS • Daily, 8,000 people die from AIDS related illnesses (3 million/year) • Treat bacterial infections with antibiotics • Treat HIV infection with antiviral drugs

  28. Bacterial Ubiquity • Are bacteria everywhere? • Choose a location to swab. • Inoculate an agar plate divided into quadrants. • Incubate overnight • Note growth (0 – 5, none – lawn)

  29. Bacteria • Has a cell wall and capsule • Has single circular chromosome • May have a small circle of DNA called a plasmid. • Prokaryotic – no nucleus • Make toxins • Diseases: strep throat, tetanus, tooth decay • Can be killed with antibiotics • Benefits: digest food, decomposer, medicine, make food-pickles, cheese, yogurt http://www.thebacteriabusters.com/E_coli_O157H7.jpg

  30. Bacteria - Shapes Rod Sphere Pair of spheres Chain spheres Cluster spheres Curved rod Spiral http://www.ncl.ac.uk/dental/oralbiol/oralenv/images/bactshapes.gif

  31. Bacterial Infections • Strep Throat – streptococcus • Anthrax – bacillus • Lyme Disease – spirochete www.medscape.com/.../417394/art-m5649.fig1.jpg webs.wichita.edu/.../anthrax_pustule.jpg http://www.accessmedicine.com/loadBinary.aspx?name=licha&filename=licha_XI.021.jpg

  32. Bacteria – Asexual Reproduction: Fission http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/binfission.jpg

  33. Bacteria – Sexual Reproduction: Conjugation http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week7/20f/Slide4.gif

  34. Bacteria Video • Created by S. Rodgers

  35. Bacterial Transformation • Using bacteria for our benefit • Add foreign DNA to a bacterium to make useful products • Cause bacteria to transform to new producers http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/real-transformer-movie-5.jpg

  36. Transformation • Get host cells ready • Add foreign DNA plasmid • Let cells recover • Allow cells to grow and produce desired protein • Collect protein for use, ex. Insulin (Insulin used to be made from a pig pancreas) http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/art/PigArt.jpg

  37. Transformation Lab Purpose: Add foreign DNA plasmid to bacteria to make them glow GFP = green fluorescent protein AMP = ampicillin (antibiotic) ARA = arabinose (sugar for protein synthesis) LB = luria broth (growth medium) + = pGLO plasmid (has GFP gene and ampicillin resistance)

  38. Transformation Lab E. Coli and LB only E. Coli and LB, AMP Expect: _____________________ Expect: _____________________ E. Coli and LB, AMP, + E. Coli and LB, AMP, +, ARA Expect: _____________________ Expect: _____________________

  39. Kingdom Protista http://www.kidsbiology.com/images/protist.jpg http://volvocales.pbwiki.com/f/pleodorina-californica.jpg Ameba http://www.edu.xunta.es/contidos/sec/bioloxia/biosfera/alumno/1ESO/clasica/imaxes/ameba.jpg Euglena Volvox Paramecium http://kdhellner.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/protist.jpg.w300h223.jpg http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Sect20/paramecium_stained.jpg http://www.seaweed.ie/algae/images/hydrodictyon2.jpg

  40. Kingdom Protista • Most diverse organisms • Locomotion: Ameba uses pseudopods Euglena uses flagellum Paramecium uses cilia http://www.infovisual.info/02/001_en.html

  41. Protists • Named for their locomotion (how they move) • Have a contractile vacuole to remove excess water (homeostasis) • Can cause disease

  42. Protists

  43. Protist Locomotion

  44. Fungi • Decomposers • Used to make beer, wine, and bread • Have a cell wall made of CHITIN • Ex. Molds, mushrooms, yeast http://www.moldinspection.com/window%20mold%202.jpg http://www.glyn.dk/blog/uploaded_images/yeast-732837.jpg

  45. Fungi

  46. Video

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