DISCOVERY OF A NEW WORLD

1. DISCOVERY OF A NEW WORLD

2. Pre-Columbian time period. • First Americans came from Asia • Supposedly crossed the Bering Strait during the Ice Age • Following a food source • Gradual migration

3. Early Human Migrations 1st Migration, 38,000-1800 BCE 2nd Migration, c. 10,000-4,000 BCE 3rd Migration, c. 8,000-3,000 BCE

7. EUROPEAN MOVEMENT ONTO NATIVE AMERICAN LAND European movement

8. Indirect Causes of European Explorations

9. Motives for European Exploration Crusades = by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. Renaissance = curiosity about other lands and peoples. Reformation = refugees & missionaries. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. Technological advances. Fame and fortune.

10. A time of rebirth in Western Civilization “intellectual enlightenment”

11. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe(1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

12. New Weapons Technology

13. Direct Causes = 3 G’s • Political: Become a world power through gaining wealth and land. (GLORY) • Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD) • Religious: spread Christianity and weaken Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD) The 3 motives reinforce each other

14. NEW WORLD OLD WORLD

15. EUROPEAN EXPLORATION 1400 TO 1600 European explore EFFECTS • Europeans reach and settle Americas • Expanded knowledge of world geography • Growth of trade, mercantilism and capitalism • Indian conflicts over land and impact of disease on Indian populations • Introduction of the institution of slavery • Columbian Exchange

16. Columbian Exchangeor the transfer of goods involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and Africa * Squash * Avocado * Peppers * Sweet Potatoes* Turkey * Pumpkin * Tobacco * Quinine* Cocoa * Pineapple * Cassava * POTATO* Peanut * Tomato * Vanilla * MAIZE * Syphillis * Olive * Coffee Beans * Banana * Rice* Onion * Turnip * Honeybee * Barley* Grape * Peach * Sugar Cane * Oats* Citrus Fruits * Pear * Wheat * HORSE* Cattle * Sheep * Pig * Smallpox* Flu * Typhus * Measles * Malaria* Diptheria * Whooping Cough

17. European Colonization European Colonization • When the New World is discovered, the Big 4 four European countries start to compete for control of North America and the world: Spain Dutch France Portugal

19. The Portuguese European Colonization • The Portuguese were the first to begin searching for an all water route to Asia….. • Prince Henry the Navigator – 1450’s • Colonized the South America in the area of what would become Brazil

20. Explorers Sailing For Portugal • Prince Henry the Navigator - Portugal - Funded Exploration down coast of Africa - 1419-1460 • Vasco da Gama - Portugal - Opened trade with India - Placed Portugal in position to dominate trade with India - 1498 • Pedro Cabral- Portugal - Claimed present day Brazil for Portugal – 1500

21. European trade routes

23. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1434& The Pope’s Line of Demarcation, 1493

24. The Spanish • Started in Caribbean, then Central and South America—most important was conquest of Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531) • First permanent colonies in what will become United States are founded by Spain • St. Augustine (Florida) is founded (1565) to protect Spanish treasure fleets

26. Explorers Sailing For Spain • Columbus - Italian sailing for Spain - Landed in the “West Indies” - 1492 • Magellan - Portuguese sailing for Spain - 1st to circumnavigate the world - 1522

27. Columbus’ Four Voyages

28. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World

29. Other Spanish Explorers • Ponce De Leon - Established colony at Puerto Rico - Sailed north looking for Fountain of Youth - Discovered Florida - 1508 • Vasco de Balboa - Established settlement in Panama - 1st European to see Pacific Ocean - 1513 • Francisco de Coronado - Explored north from Mexico; up Colorado River; saw Grand Canyon -1540 • Hernando de Soto - Explored Florida into Carolina’s and west to the Mississippi River - 1541

30. Explorers Sailing For Spain & Portugal • Amerigo Vespucci- Italian sailing for both Spain and Portugal - Sailed to the America’s - Amerigo is his first name (where we get “America”) - 1501

31. Spanish Exploration • Columbus • Balboa • Cortes • Pizzaro • De Leon • De Soto • Coronado • Vespucci

32. Spanish empire by the 1600’s consisted of • Southern part of North America • Central America • Caribbean Islands • Most of outer South America

34. First Spanish Conquests: The AztecsCortes conquered Aztec Empire in 1519 and took control of modern day Mexico. vs. Hernando Cortés Montezuma II

35. The Death of Montezuma II

36. Mexico Surrenders to Cortés

37. First Spanish Conquests: The IncasPizarro conquered Incan Empire in modern day Peru in 1532 vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

38. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries EuropeanColonialEmpire Permanent Settlers

39. The Colonial Class System PeninsularesSpanish ancestory CreolesSpanish and Black mixture. MestizosSpanish and Indian mixture MulattosWhite American and Black mixture Black Slaves Native Indians

40. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church today in Latin America Our Lady of Guadalupe Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission

41. ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM This is the Spanish practice of securing an adequate and cheap labor supply • Very similar to European feudalism 2. Conquistador controlled Indian populations • Required Indians to pay tribute from their lands • Indians often rendered personal services as well. 3. In return the conquistador was obligated to • protect his wards • instruct them in the Christian faith • defend their right to use the to live off the land 4. Encomienda system eventually decimated Indian population. 5. The King prevented the encomienda with the New Laws (1542) supported by de Las Casas, the system gradually died out.

42. Father Bartolomé de Las Casas • Believed Native Americans had been treated harshly by the Spanish. • Indians could be educated and converted to Christianized. • Believed Indian culture was advanced as European but in different ways. • New Laws --> 1542

43. The French • French settle Quebec (1608) & Montreal (1642) and what would become Canada • Control St. Lawrence River & access to interior of North America • Develop a fur trade

44. Explorers Sailing For France • Jacques Cartier - France - Reached St. Lawrence River - Claimed Eastern Canada for France – 1535 • Samuel de Champlain - France - “Father of New France” - Established Quebec (the 1st permanent French colony in N. America) - Established settlements and explored Maine, Montreal & Nova Scotia - 1608

46. European Colonization The Dutch • Like the French, the Dutch focused on the fur trade • Sent only a few men to settlements • Found Albany (New York, 1614) on Hudson River • New Netherland (becomes New York) is an extension of the Dutch global trade system • Dutch & French form alliances with Native Americans—increase warfare & Iroquois (Dutch ally) defeat Hurons

47. Explorers Sailing For The Netherlands • Henry Hudson - English sailing for the Dutch - Searching for Northwest Passage - Claimed Hudson River - Settlers established New Netherlands (New York) - 1609