Sensory Memory and Short-Term (Working) Memory

1. Sensory Memory and Short-Term (Working) Memory

2. General Plan • 1960s Many models of memory proposed • Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)-Modal Model • Sensory Memory • Short-term Memory • Long-term Memory

3. William James • Primary Memory • Secondary Memory

4. Atkinson & Shiffrin Model of Memory (1968)

5. STM Bottleneck Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory

6. Properties of the Different Memory Stores • Notes: • Forgetting in the Short-Term Store involves both interference and decay. • The capacity of the sensory registers vary for the different modalities: e.g. the visual sensory store is very large; the auditory sensory store is small (perhaps only 2 to 4 items)

7. Research on the A & S Model • Serial Position Effect • Recency Effect • Kintsch & Buschke (1969) • Behavioral Neuroscience Evidence

8. Serial Position Effect Demo

9. Serial Position Effect Graph Primacy Effect Recency Effect

10. Rundus (1971)

11. Questions • How could we test the idea that the last few items are in STS? • How can we test that the primacy effect represents LTS?

12. Eliminating the Recency Effect

13. Other Evidence: Kintsch & Bushchke (1969)

14. Behavioral Neuroscience Evidence for the STM-LTM Distinction • H.M. - Epileptic - Temporal Lobes / Hippocampus - STM ---> LTM disrupted • K.F. - Damage to Left Cerebral Cortex - LTM Normal - STM capacity severely limited

15. Behavioral Neuroscience Evidence for the STM-LTM Distinction The dog bit the man and the man died. vs. The man the dog bit died.

16. Evidence Against A & S • More recent research challenges the strict coding distinction • Recency Effect challenged • Neuroscience evidence

17. Atkinson & Shiffrin Model of Memory (1968)

18. The Sensory Store

19. Lightning

20. How long does the lightning last?

21. Lightning Demo

22. Sensory Memory • Sensory memory or sensory register • Visual, auditory, touch, taste, smell • Relatively raw, unprocessed form

23. Why Do We Need Sensory Memory? • Stimuli change • Maintain for selection and further processing • Integrate fragments of a stimuli into a single unitary perception

24. Classic Studies • Sperling (1960) • Averbach & Sperling (1961)

25. A Tachistoscope

26. Tachistoscopic Display - Blank

27. Fixation Point *

28. Tachistoscopic Letter Display 1 J Z G B S X P L R M Q F

29. Tachistoscopic Letter Display 1

30. Tachistoscopic Display Blank 2

31. Fixation Point *

32. Tachistoscopic Letter Display 2 Y Q C H N D R J V B K S

33. Tachistoscopic Letter Display 2

34. Schematic of Typical Sperling Exp

35. Number of Letters Recalled as a Function of Technique & Delay

36. Sensory Memory Demo

37. Iconic Memory • Location • Usefulness • Saccades • Nature of the code

38. Letters & Numbers (Early vs. Late Processing Issue) 1 K 5 L H J 3 B 7 D 8 T

39. Demo 4.1: Examples of Sensory Memory

40. Demo 4.2 Unitary Perception from Fragments

41. Auditory Sensory Memory • Neisser (1967) - Echoic memory and the echo • Darwin, Turvey, & Crowder (1972) • Differences from iconic memory • Crowder (1982)

42. An Echoic Memory Study

43. Darwin, Turvey, & Crowder

44. Discriminating Between Two Sounds (Crowder, 1982) Graph

45. Short-Term Memory

46. Short-Term Memory • Nature of Forgetting • Duration • Nature of Code • Capacity

47. Short Term Memory • Brown/Peterson & Peterson (1959) • Trigram task

48. Trigrams K X J P L G S Y T H Z R

49. Brown-Peterson Results

50. STM--Nature of the code • Conrad (1964) • Visual display of letters • Phonological confusions: (‘D’ for ‘E’ but not ‘F’ for ‘E’) • Wickelgren (1965)