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Renaissance/Reformation

Renaissance/Reformation. Chapter 13. Renaissance. Renaissance means – “Rebirth” It was a time of change in Politics , Social Structure , Economics , and Culture . Changed from an agricultural society to an Urban Society It was a study of Roman and Greek cultures.

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Renaissance/Reformation

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  1. Renaissance/Reformation Chapter 13

  2. Renaissance • Renaissance means – “Rebirth” • It was a time of change in Politics, Social Structure, Economics, and Culture. • Changed from an agricultural society to an Urban Society • It was a study of Roman and Greek cultures.

  3. Renaissance Attitudes • live life on earth fully • develop individual talent • public service and politics

  4. Humanism • an intellectual movement that studied the ancient Greeks and Romans in an effort to better understand their own times • Spiritual  Secular • Humanities- grammar, rhetoric, poetry, & history

  5. Reasons for Italian Renaissance • Past greatness of Rome • Money from trade and rising middle class

  6. Major Cities • Florence- richest Bankers and Merchants • Patron- financial supporter • (e.g. The Medici Family, Lorenzo in particular) • Venice – Trade • Milan – Textiles

  7. Art • Humanistic Reflection • Combination of religious and secular • Reflections of individualism and public service • Perspective – depth added to art • Use of shading • New oil paints • Study of human anatomy

  8. Leonardo da Vinci “Renaissance Man” -Anatomy, Engineering, Painting, Scuplture, Botany, Optics, Music Works: Mona Lisa, The Last Supper

  9. Michelangelo Buonarroti • Most well-known, “the greatest” • Sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, poet • Works: • David, Pieta, Sistine Chapel

  10. Raphael • Mastered the use of PERSPECTIVE!!!! • Known Work: School of Athens

  11. Donatello • Known for his use of Balance and Proportion • Taught Michelangelo

  12. Literature • Honoring the history of Rome and Greece • Criticizing the Middle ages and current government • Baldassare Castiglione • The Book of the Courtier • How a member of a court should live! • Niccolo Machiavelli • The Prince • How one should gain and maintain power

  13. Printing Revolution • Printing Press: Gutenberg • first Book?? printed with movable type • prior: Handwritten books advantages: • more books are published • higher supply of books leads to lower price • lower price allows more people to read • more communication of ideas results from more reading

  14. Art in N. Renaissance • Flanders  France, Belgium, and Netherlands • Major area of Renaissance art • Albrecht Drurer: studied in Italy • German artist • Applied ideas of art to engravings • Engraving: etching • Perfected by Drurer

  15. Literature • Vernacular: everyday language • Desiderius Erasmus: • The Praise of the Folly • Greek Bible • Sir Thomas More • Utopia • William Shakespeare • Poet and playwright • 37 plays still performed today

  16. Reformation • Spiritual Break-down of the Christian Church • Catalyzed by ideas of the Renaissance and the invention of the Printing Press • Led to the current Christian demographics

  17. Church Abuses • Pope as military commander? • Lavish lives of the Clergy • Marriage of the Clergy • Selling of Indulgences • Indulgences: payment to get soul out of purgatory

  18. Early Revolts • John Wycliffe used sermons and writings to attack the church in 1300s • Martin Luther • Primary catalyst of the Reformation • German Monk and Professor • Writes the 95 Theses and nails to door in Wittenberg • Set off by Johann Tetzel selling indulgences and promising entry to heaven

  19. Results of the 95 Theses • No intention of starting the Reformation • Printing Revolution lights a fire storm • Church asked Luther to recant, he refused • Luther urged people to reject the authority of Rome • Luther was excommunicated in 1521 by Pope Leo X

  20. Summoning • Luther summoned to Diet of Worms by Charles V • Asked to recant a second time, refused again • Charles declared Luther an outlaw

  21. Luther’s Teachings • All have equal access to the Bible • Schools est., vernacular translation • Banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, and prayers to saints • Simplified the sermon • Allowed clergy to marry

  22. Why were Luther’s Teachings supported by the Germans? • Gain authority over the church • Gain church property for selfish reasons • National loyalty • German money should stay in German lands

  23. Peasant Revolt • Peasants rise up for social and economic equality • Luther denounces and supports political authority and social order

  24. The Peace of Augsburg • 1555 • Princes get the choice of religion

  25. Swiss Reformation • Ulrich Zwingli • Priest in Zurich • Stressed importance of bible, reject elaborate rituals • John Calvin • Major contributor to the Reformation • Published a book on how to set up and run a church as well as his beliefs that should be the basis of that church

  26. John Calvin cont. • Preached PREDESTINATION • Everything is already decided • Sinners/saints • Geneva asks Calvin to lead the community • Est. theocracy • Harsh punishments for basic activities of dancing, laughing in church, ect. • Helped set off bloody wars

  27. Religious Development • Sect: religious groups • variations of the teachings of Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli • Anabaptists: reject infantile baptism • Today: Baptists, Mennonites, and Amish

  28. English Reformation • Henry VIII- king of England • Henry + Catherine of Aragon = Mary Tudor • Anne Boleyn - served Catherine • Annulment declined because Charles V was the nephew of Catherine

  29. Henry’s Take Over • Act of Supremacy passed – King is head of Church • Many executed: Thomas More • Canonized: recognized as a saint • Henry merely changed the name of the Church • Thomas Cramer appointed to be bishop of the new Church

  30. The Tudors • Died in 1547: 9yr old Edward VI took throne • Continued Protestantism • Book of Common Prayer • Mary Tudor ‘Bloody Mary’ took over • Tried returning to Catholicism • Was killed in protest • Elizabeth slowly returns to Protestantism • Compromise: acceptable middle ground

  31. The Catholic Reformation • Reformation or Counter-Reformation? • Council of Trent- est. schools, end corruption, faith and works = salvation, Bible is not the only source of religious truth • Reaffirmed the inquisition • Index of Forbidden Books

  32. People of the Catholic Reformation • Ignatius of Loyola – Spanish knight • Society of Jesus – Jesuits • Missionaries, schools, strict discipline to the church • Teresa of Avila – entered convent very young • Not strict enough • Set up own order • Life of isolation, eating and sleeping very little • Canonized by the church

  33. Widespread Persecution • Witch hunts • Jews forced to live in ghettoes • Jews were forced to move and temples were burned

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