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Chapter 15

Chapter 15. The Age of Religious Wars and Overseas Expansion. France in the early 16 th Century. I. Politics, Religion and War The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (1559) ended the long conflict between the Hapsburgs and the Valois. Spain was the victor because it acquired the most territories.

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Chapter 15

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  1. Chapter 15 The Age of Religious Wars and Overseas Expansion

  2. France in the early 16th Century I. Politics, Religion and War • The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (1559) ended the long conflict between the Hapsburgs and the Valois. • Spain was the victor because it acquired the most territories. • To pay for the Hapsburg-Valois wars Francis I imposed a land tax (taille) • Sold government offices creating a tax exempt “nobility of the robe”

  3. Concordat of Bologna • Francis gained power to appoint Bishops, a source of offices for Patronage. • (this demonstrates the centralizing of power of monarchs over the clergy)

  4. France in Turmoil • French monarchs in the second half of the 16th century were weak. • French nobles became protestant to try and gain independence and wealth • Catherine de Medici rule her three sons while they were in power. • St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre epitomized the religious differences.

  5. War of Three Henry’s • Civil War followed after the St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre. • Ended with King Henry IV converted to Catholicism and issued the Edict of Nantes, protecting Huguenots. • Beginning of the Bourbon dynasty in France

  6. Revolts in the Netherlands • Calvinism made rapid success among the wealthy merchants. (work ethic) • Phillip II of Spain appointed his half-sister regent to the Netherlands in 1559. • She raises taxes and brings in the inquisition. • Calvinists revolted and Phillip sent the Spanish army there. • England aided the Protestants under attack. Margaret, regent of the Netherlands

  7. Revolt in Spanish Netherlands • William of Orange – Leads the Protestant revolt against Phillip. • Queen Elizabeth sends aid to the Protestants to help fight the Catholics. • This antagonizes Phillip to attack England. • Phillip has the Escorial built near Madrid • Phillip sends his Spanish Armada to England in 1588.

  8. Revolt in the Netherlands (1566-1587) • Phillip creates a grand navy to crush the “heretics of the north.” • He launches his Spanish Armada in 1588 and is defeated by bad weather. • Turns the tide of Atlantic control. (England) Phillip II of Spain

  9. The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) • By the 17th century Calvinists, Lutherans, and Catholics were violating the Peace of Augsburg • H.R.E. Emperor Ferdinand II shuts down Protestant churches in Bohemia that starts the war. • Four Phases of the War: • Bohemian Stage – utterly defeated with the help of the Spanish • The Danish Stage - defeated with alliances between Denmark,England, and France. ( Ferdinand issued theEdict of Restitution) • The Swedish Stage – Gustavus Adolphus led the Swedes into Germany with aid from the French (came to a draw) • The French Stage – With Adolphus killed the French continued to wage war against the Hapsburgs.

  10. Austrians raiding a town in Bavaria

  11. The Peace of Westphalia • Recognized the Netherlands as independent • Made 300 German princes sovereign • France became the victor because they gained Alsace and Loraine from the Hapsburgs. • Reinforced the Lutheran church but also recognized the Calvinist church. • The 30 Years’ War was the worst economic and social disaster for Germany suffered before the 20th century.

  12. Discovery, Reconnaissance, and Expansion • Explorers’ Motives • “God, gold, and glory” • Overpopulation did not motivate the explorers • The Crusading drive was one force • Renaissance curiosity • Get rich through the spice trade • Seeking to Christianize Muslims, import gold from West Africa • East was closed by Ottoman- must look for water route to Asia.

  13. Map of the World 1550

  14. Warm Up • Write an introductory paragraph and thesis statement for the following thematic essay question in less than 10 minutes…. • In the 15th century Europeans began to explore the “open seas”. What factors contributed to this fascination.

  15. Technological Advances • Astrolabe – astronomical instrument tool to tell distance between star and horizon. • Cannon – • Magnetic Compass –(returns from China with Marco Polo) • New ship • Caravel, Galleon, and Carrack allows ships to sail against the wind by “tacking”

  16. Prince Henry “The Navigator” (1420) • A Portuguese Prince that started a school for navigation and aided the Age of Exploration. • Helped Portugal est. trading posts down the coast of Africa • Partly responsible for many voyages (da Gama, Magellan, Diaz)

  17. Christopher Columbus • (1451-1506) Genoese explorer, who “discovers” the Americas, but believes he has found a new route around the world to India.

  18. Should Columbus be considered a hero? • 3 Questions: What kind of man was he? What forces influenced him? Did he achieve his goals? • View video “12 men who dared”

  19. *Research Explorers

  20. Bartolomeu de Las Casas • A Priest trying to establish missionaries in the new world wrote accounts of the treatment towards the Native Americans and the first to defend human rights. Encouraged Africans to be used as slaves.

  21. Results of Exploration • European rule in the Americas: • Within 50 years 90% of the population of all N.A. will be dead.. (Guns, Germs, and Steel) • Organized territory into 4 viceroyalties. • Intendants – local officials in the new world, who got authority from the crown. • Quinto – tax o f 1/5 all gold found in new world, went straight to crown • Mercantalism – economic system where the mother country trades with colonies and colonies cannot trade with anyone else.

  22. Fall of Spanish Empire • A growing population meant more people needed to be fed and clothed. • Gold and silver poured into Seville, (Spain) from the New World; Antwerp was commercial trading center • Inflation grew rapidly due to the flooding of gold and silver. • Spaniards went into the military or the church. A lack of businessman and bankers due to the inquisition. • Nobility suffered due to fixed incomes, merchantsprospered, and poor fared worst of all.

  23. Colombian Exchange – the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World and the New World (hand out)

  24. Commercial Revolution • Influx of gold and silver into Europe • Rise in capitalism(laissez-faire) • Joint-Stock companiespooling money together to finance trading posts (colonies) • New industry; textile production, mining, printing, rice, sugar, tea, ship building • Mercantalism-economic system where the mother country trades with the colonies and the colonies are not allowed to trade with other nations. Meant to lessen financial dependence on other European Nations.

  25. The Economy of the Atlantic Basin 1701

  26. Women in the 17th century • Manuals on marriage and the family place women in the home. • It rejected the double standard of adultery • Urged marriage to be mutually, respectful and trusted. • Arrangements made by parents are rejected. • Women are subservient to men still. • Protestants recognized a mutual right to divorce as Catholics did not.

  27. “The Age of Flesh” • Protestant and Catholic governments licensed prostitution. • With the closing of convents in Protestant countries nuns only acceptable occupation was marriage.

  28. The Great European Witch Hunt • Witch hunting peaked between 1560-1600 when thousands of “witches” were executed. • Reasons for the witch hunts. • Witches explained inexplicable misfortunes • Communities believed that woman were more susceptible to the devil and lavish sexual activities. • Communities persecuted non-comformists. • Woman were more susceptible to the Devil because their sexually insatiable. • Swiss communities executed 5,417 women between 1450 and 1700.

  29. Witch Craft of the 15 and 1600’s

  30. What is the message of this quote? I aim here only at revealing myself, who will perhaps be different tomorrow, if I learn something new which changes me. I have no authority to be believed, nor do I want it, feeling myself too ill-instructed to instruct others. “Of the Education of Children”

  31. Literature and Art • Essay: Michel de Montaigne • A French nobleman who wrote the essay to clarify his own thoughts. • He was a skeptic that rejected the notion that any human being knew the absolute truth. • Also rejected that one culture is superior to another in his essay “On Cannibals”

  32. Elizabethan and Jacobean Literature • Literature and drama flourished in England under Elizabeth I and James I • William Shakespeare • The King James Bible

  33. Baroque art and music

  34. Baroque Art (1600-1700) • Art work that reflects light and shadowing. • Tries to draw emotions to the viewer. • Emphasized movement, strong value, contrast, and science. • Leading Baroque artists are Caravaggio, Titian, Rubens, and Rembrandt.

  35. Baroque Music • Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) • Grasped the spirit of the day; invention, tension, and emotion. (not appreciated during his time.)

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