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CTI Technician Training

CTI Technician Training. Internet Protocol Part 1. IP Basics. IP addresses are allocated by one of four non-profit Regional Internet Registries. ARIN, the American Registry for Internet Numbers, serves North America.

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CTI Technician Training

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  1. CTI Technician Training Internet Protocol Part 1

  2. IP Basics • IP addresses are allocated by one of four non-profit Regional Internet Registries. • ARIN, the American Registry for Internet Numbers, serves North America. • Registries usually allocate IP addresses to large organizations, such as telephone companies or ISP’s. Then those organizations distribute IP addresses to users. • CTI’s network is now large enough to request IP’s directly from ARIN. • ARIN’s website is www.arin.net.

  3. Dotted Decimal and Binary Form 208.7.90.198 = 11010000.00000111.01011010.11000110 Four octets containing 8 bits each = 32 bits

  4. Binary Bit Values 128 + 64 + 0 + 16 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 208 • Leftmost bit is called the Most Significant Bit • Rightmost bit is called the Least Significant Bit • Add bit values together to convert to decimal • Fill in bit values needed to convert to binary.

  5. Classfull IP Addressing • When IP addressing was first developed, classes were created to allocate addresses to organizations. • Classes A, B, and C were introduced. • The class of network you received depended on the current size and projected growth of your organization.

  6. Class A Networks • First octet ranges 1-126. • First octet bits 0xxxxxxx. • 126 networks. • 16,777,214 hosts per network. • Allocated to very large organizations.

  7. Class B Networks • First octet ranges 128 - 191. • First octet bits 10xxxxxx. • 16,384 networks. • 65,534 hosts per network. • Allocated to medium sized organizations.

  8. Class C Networks • First octet ranges 192 - 223. • First octet bits 110xxxxx. • 2,097,152 networks. • 254 hosts per network. • Allocated to small organizations.

  9. Other Classes • Class D (Multicast) • First octet ranges 224 – 239. • First octet bits 1110xxxx. • Used exclusively for multicasting. • Class E (Experimental) • First octet ranges 240 – 254. • First octet bits 1111xxxx. • Used for research.

  10. Reserved or Private Classes • 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 • 127.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255 (loopback) • 169.254.0.0 – 169.254.255.255 (apipa) • 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 • 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 • Private or reserved addresses cannot be routed on the Internet.

  11. Network Address Translation • A NAT device acts as a gateway to the Internet for computers with private addresses. • Helps to alleviate worsening IPv4 limits.

  12. Subnet Masks • What is a subnet mask? • A subnet mask specifies what portion of the address defines the network and what portion defines the host. • Like an IP address, a subnet mask is a 32 bit number. • Can be displayed in dotted decimal form, such as 255.255.254.0. • Can be displayed as a CIDR block, such as 65.160.198.0 /23.

  13. Subnet Masks • Given two IP addresses, a subnet mask can be used to determine whether the addresses are on the same network or subnet. • What happens when the two IP addresses are not on the same network? • A router is used to link different subnets.

  14. How Does Easy Subnetting Work? Subnetting is easier to understand when working in binary. NetworkHost Masked bits

  15. Not-So-Easy Subnetting… • What happens when masked bits do not fall evenly on octets? • You get a subnet mask like these: 255.255.240.0 – 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000 255.192.0.0 – 11111111.11000000.00000000.00000000 255.224.0.0 – 11111111.11100000.00000000.00000000 255.255.255.128 – 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 Notice a pattern? Masked bits must be contiguous. In other words, once you stop masking, no other bits can be masked.

  16. Valid Subnet Masks • Since masked bits must be contiguous, there are only 8 valid decimal values for any one octet. 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 248

  17. Finding the network id and broadcast address. • Each network has two special addresses: • The network id is used by Internet routers to route traffic to the network. This is always the first address in the network. Host portion is all 0’s • The broadcast address is used to broadcast traffic to the entire network. This is always the last address in the network. Host portion is all 1’s. 11010000.00000111.01010000.00000000 or 208.7.80.0 is the network id. 11010000.00000111.01011111.11111111 or 208.7.95.255 is the broadcast address.

  18. Bitwise ANDing • Humans can easily draw a line between the network bits and host bits. • Hosts and routers use Boolean math to determine the network id and the host id by the use of ANDing. Tip Four possibilities of ANDing: Using Windows Calculator, you can AND 208.007.090.198 with 255.255.240.000 to get 208.007.080.000

  19. Questions or Comments? Adam Vocks - MCP, MCSE Vice-President Computer Techniques, Inc. Adam@ctitech.com

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