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Psychology Intelligence

Chapter Nine R. M. Tolles. Psychology Intelligence. What is Intelligence? Goal Section 1 – Define intelligence, and explain the various theories of intelligence. Intelligence vs Achievement Intelligence according to many Psychologists, intelligence is not achievement (Nature vs Nurture) ‏

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Psychology Intelligence

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  1. Chapter Nine R. M. Tolles PsychologyIntelligence

  2. What is Intelligence?Goal Section 1 – Define intelligence, and explain the various theories of intelligence. Intelligence vs Achievement • Intelligence according to many Psychologists, intelligence is not achievement (Nature vs Nurture)‏ • Achievement – refers to the knowledge and skills gained from experience • Intelligence can provide the basis for Achievement • How? – gives people the ability to learn

  3. Definition Intelligence • Defined - the ability to learn from experience, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment

  4. Origins of Intelligence Testing • Intelligence Test • a method of assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores

  5. Origins of Intelligence Testing • Stanford-Binet • the widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test • revised by Terman at Stanford University

  6. Origins of Intelligence Testing • Intelligence Quotient (IQ) • defined originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 • IQ = ma/ca x 100) • on contemporary tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

  7. What is Intelligence? • Factor Analysis • statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test • used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score • General Intelligence(g) • factor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilities • measured by every task on an intelligence test

  8. Are There Multiple Intelligences? • Savant Syndrome • condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill • computation • drawing

  9. Achievement

  10. Are There Multiple Intelligences? • Social Intelligence • the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully • Emotional Intelligence • ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions

  11. Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence Spearman’s Theory • G Factor – ability to reason and solve • S Factor – doing things better than others

  12. Louis Thurstone of Primary Intelligence Seven Primary Factors of Intelligence Visual and Spatial Perceptual Speed Numerical ability Verbal Memory and Recall Word Fluency Deductive (rules) and Inductive Reasoning (examples)‏

  13. Intelligence and Creativity • Creativity • the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas • expertise • imaginative thinking skills • venturesome personality • intrinsic motivation • creative environment

  14. Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence • Believed the intelligence is broad based • Multiple intelligences is an idea that maintains there exist many different types of "intelligences" ascribed to human beings. In response to the question of whether or not measures of intelligence are scientific, Gardner suggests that each individual manifests varying levels of different intelligences, and thus each person has a unique "cognitive profile." The theory was first laid out in Gardner's 1983 book, , and has been further refined in subsequent years.

  15. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

  16. Section 2 – Identify various types of intelligence tests, and describe their uses. Stanford-Benet Scale • Questions are meant to test the mental age • Intelligent Quotient • IQ – mental age/chronological age Weshler Scale (WAIS-R)‏ • Verbal and nonverbal • Widely used for education

  17. Intelligence Tests - Problems Reliability and Validity • Reliability – refers to the consistency • Test Reliability – how often the test is consistent with the same score • Validity – if the test measures what it is supposed to do Problems • Not perfect • Cultural bias

  18. Assessing Intelligence • Aptitude Test • a test designed to predict a person’s future performance • aptitude is the capacity to learn • Achievement Test • a test designed to assess what a person has learned

  19. Assessing Intelligence • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) • most widely used intelligence test • subtests • verbal • performance (nonverbal)

  20. VERBAL PERFORMANCE Picture Completion Picture Arrangement Block Design Object Assembly Digit-Symbol Substitution General Information Similarities Arithmetic Reasoning Vocabulary Comprehension Digit Span From Thorndike and Hagen, 1977 Assessing Intelligence: Sample Items from the WAIS

  21. Assessing Intelligence • Standardization • defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group” • Normal Curve • the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes • most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

  22. The Normal Curve

  23. Getting Smarter?

  24. Assessing Intelligence • Reliability • the extent to which a test yields consistent results • assessed by consistency of scores on: • two halves of the test • alternate forms of the test • retesting • Validity • the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

  25. Assessing Intelligence • Content Validity • the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest • driving test that samples driving tasks • Criterion • behavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict • the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity

  26. Assessing Intelligence • Predictive Validity • success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict • assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior • also called criterion-related validity

  27. The Dynamics of Intelligence • Mental Retardation • a condition of limited mental ability • indicated by an intelligence score below 70 • produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life • varies from mild to profound • Down Syndrome • retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup

  28. Genetic Influences • The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores

  29. The Dynamics of Intelligence

  30. Mental RetardationSection 3 – Identify the characteristics of mental retardation and giftedness, and explain the relationship between giftedness and creativity • Problem factors in Consideration Communication Hygiene Social Skills Physical disabilities • Causes of Retardation Accidents Abuse of drugs Malnutrition Health Problems Genetic Disorders Abnormalities (Down Syndrome)‏

  31. Mental Retardation – IQ score at or below 70 is the technical definition • Mild Retardation – 50 to 70 IQ score Not obvious, can take care of themselves • Moderate Retardation – 35 to 49 IQ score Take care of most personal needs Down-syndrome – usually classified in this category • Severe Retardation – 20 to 34 IQ score Constant supervision • Profound Retardation – 20 or below on IQ score Basic emotional responses, can not take care of themselves

  32. Giftedness – 130 IQ or above Gifted – possess outstanding talent or shows potential for performing at remarkably high levels of accomplishment in comparison to others Some believe that motivation and creativity result in giftedness

  33. Creativity

  34. Genetic Influences • Heritability • the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes • variability depends on range of populations and environments studied

  35. Genetic Influences

  36. Nature vs Nurture Section 4 – Explain how heredity and environment influence intelligence • Heredity/Genetic Influences Most Psychologists believe that heredity and environment influence intelligence Genetics Influence on Intelligence Kinship Studies – similar IQs in people who are related Heritability – the extent to which variations in a trait from person to person can be explained by genetic factors Adoptive Studies – IQ is the same of biological parents, but it can change with a long life in adoptive parents

  37. Environmental Influences • The Schooling Effect

  38. Nature vs NurtureEnvironmental Influences on Intelligence Adults and Intelligence • Older people show the capacity to decline in intelligence • Biological changes also contribute • Declining Intelligence • Level of income • Level of education • History of stimulating jobs • Intact family life • Travel, cultural events, reading • Marriage with a high level of intellectual functioning • Flexible personality Home and Parenting • Parental Factors: Emotionally and verbally responsive to the child's needs • Provide enjoyable and educational toys and play times • Involved in the child's activities • Varied daily experiences during preschool years • Home is safe and organized • Encourage independent and problem solving skills

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