Psychology 100 Chapter 8 Part III Thinking & Intelligence

1. Psychology 100 Chapter 8 Part III Thinking & Intelligence

2. Outline • Intelligence • IQ testing • Information processing • Multiple intelligences Study Question: • Compare and contrast crystallized and fluid intelligence. Give examples of each.

3. Intelligence Alfred Binet • Alfred Binet (1857-1911) • Role of environment • Higher-order abilities • Focus on children • Binet/ simon test • Stanford-Binet scale: Mental age revision • IQ (intelligence Quotient) = (Mental/Chronological)X100 e.g, 15/12 X 100 = 125 • Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Rev. (WAIS-R) • Verbal and Performance components

4. Intelligence Francis Galton Charles Spearman Intelligence Decisions • Francis Galton (1822-1911) • Role of heredity • Speed of processing • Correlational statistics • Charles Spearman (1863-1945) • Intelligence: solo entity or many abilities? • Invented factor analysis to look at multiple correlation Example: Six tests • Vocabulary • Picture completion • Reading comprehension • Object assembly (puzzle) • General information • Block design

5. Intelligence Hypothetical Correlations among scores Picture Completion Reading Comprehension Object Assembly General Information Block Designs Tests 0.32 0.60 0.39 0.58 0.44 Vocabulary Picture Completion 0.40 0.54 0.38 0.64 Reading Comprehension 0.29 0.64 0.31 Object Assembly 0.33 0.60 0.37 General Information

6. Intelligence g S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5 Test 6 • Spearman’s theory • All the tests are positively correlated • “g”: General ability, which effects all tests • The tests are not perfectly correlated • “s”: Specific abilities, which effect each test

7. Intelligence Hypothetical Correlations among scores Picture Completion Reading Comprehension Object Assembly General Information Block Designs Tests 0.32 0.60 0.39 0.58 0.44 Vocabulary Picture Completion 0.40 0.54 0.38 0.64 Reading Comprehension 0.29 0.64 0.31 Object Assembly 0.33 0.60 0.37 General Information

8. Intelligence Raymond Cattell Crystal Fluid Test 1 Test 3 Test 5 Test 2 Test 4 Test 6 • Raymond Cattell (1905-1998) • Discovered two underlying g’s • Fluid Intelligence • Raw ability to manipulate information • Crystallized Intelligence • Ability acquired through experience

9. Intelligence • Information processing theory • Examine the stages/ components of information processing • E.g., STM, uptake of information, attention, retrieval from LTM • Linking with psychometrics: Elementary cognitive correlates • Lexical decision latency (retrieval from LTM) • Choice reaction time (judgment, directing movement) • Intelligence and speed of processing: Galton, revisited

10. Intelligence • Information processing theory • Sternberg’s theory • Three components 1) Analytic intelligence. Mental mechanisms people use to plan and execute tasks. • Metacomponents (‘g’) • Lower components 1) Knowledge acquisition (learning) 2) Performance components (I-P stages)

11. Intelligence • Information processing theory • Sternberg’s theory • Three components 2) Creative intelligence. Ability to deal effectively with novel situations and to automatically solves problems encountered previously. (fluid intelligence) 3) Practical intelligence. abilities acquired through our evolutionary history. (Crystalized intelligence) • Adaptation: Developing skills to help fit into one’s environment • Selection: Finding a niche in which to flourish. • Shaping: Changing the environment.

12. Intelligence • Neuropsychological Approach • Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences • Mono Savants -> Cognitively delayed with one specialized ability • Prodigies -> Normal with one specialized ability • Seven types • Linguistic. • Logical/mathematical. • Spatial. • Musical. • Bodily-kinesthetic. • Interpersonal. • Intrapersonal.

13. Intelligence • Nature and Nurture • Galton & Binet, revisited • Nature • Twin studies • MZ reared together .86 • MZ reared apart .72 • Same sex DZ .62 • Diff sex DZ .57 • Siblings (together) .41 • Adopted .25 • Parent - adopted child .16 • Nurture • Selective Breeding studies

14. Review • Quiz 1 • 40 Multiple choice • 10 reverse definitions • One study question

15. Review • Quiz 1 • Chapter 5 • Sudy questions • What are four common elements of our various senses? Use examples from two senses to clarify your answer. • Label diagrams of the following structures: The Ear, The Eye, The Tongue, Haptic Nerves, etc. • Compare and contrast the trichromatic theory of colour vision with the opponent process theory of colour. Relate these theories to the Law of Complimentary and the Three Primaries Law. • Describe the basic gestalt principles of grouping. • Why might a proponent of Kahneman’s attention theory feel that driving a car while talking on a cell phone is a bad idea?

16. Review • Quiz 1 • Chapter 5 • Terminology Sensation, perception, sensory physiology, sensory physiological psychology, psychophysics, receptors, transduction, sensory neurons, sensory areas, quantitative sensory information, qualitative sensory information, absolute threshold, just noticeable difference, Weber fraction, Fechner’s law, signal detection theory, hit rate, false alarm rate, taste buds, olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, vomeronasal organs, A fiber, A-delta fiber, C fiber, endorphins, frequency and amplitude of sound waves, basilar membrane, the electromagnetic spectrum, rods, cones, rhodopsin, subtractive colour mixing, additive colour mixing, three primaries law, law of complimentarity, trichromatic theory,of colour vision, opponent process theory of colour vision, on-off areas, receptive fields, Hermann-Hering illusion, unconscious inference theory, binocular cues, monocular cues, binocular disparity, stereopsis, motion parallax, pictorial cues, linear perspective, pictorial cues, texture gradient, size constancy, Müller-Lyer illusion, ponzo illusion, assimilaion theory, vertical-horizontal illusion, bottom-up and top-down processing, Gestalt principles of grouping, figure and ground, feature search, conjunction search, physiological nystagmus, geons, the word superiority effect, dichotic listening, shadowing, bottleneck theories of attention, early and late selection theories, the Stroop effect, dual task procedure, inattentional blindness.

17. Review • Quiz 1 • Chapter 8 • Sudy questions • What are four common elements of our various senses? Use examples from two senses to clarify your answer. • Label diagrams of the following structures: The Ear, The Eye, The Tongue, Haptic Nerves, etc. • Compare and contrast the trichromatic theory of colour vision with the opponent process theory of colour. Relate these theories to the Law of Complimentary and the Three Primaries Law. • Describe the basic gestalt principles of grouping. • Why might a proponent of Kahneman’s attention theory feel that driving a car while talking on a cell phone is a bad idea?

18. Review • Quiz 1 • Chapter 5 • Terminology Analogical representation, propositional representation, mental rotation, mental travel, perceptual equivalence task, imagery equivalence task, natural concepts, exemplar theory, prototype theory, the typicality effect, spreading activation model, parallel distributed processing, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, validity, truth, soundness, syllogistic reasoning, modus ponens, modus tollens, confirming the consequence, denying the antecedent, Wason selection task, conditional and biconditional syllogisms, insight, preparation, incubation, illumination, verification, functional fixedness, initial state, goal state, operators, well-defined problems, ill-defined problems, subgoals, algorithms, heuristics, representiveness heuristic, availability heuristic, gambler’s fallacy, framing effects, domain knowledge, conjunction fallacy, intelligence quotient, g, s, fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, analytic intelligence, metacomphrehension, creative intelligence, practical intelligence, mono-savants, prodigies.