UNIT 5

1. UNIT 5 THE DEPRESSION ERA BY: Stephanie Sciturro-Smith

2. Cause of the depression • Important occurrences in the 1930’s: • Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment- (1932-1972) • Tuskegee, Alabama • Wanted to see long symptoms/ effects • We have a cure but do not give it to them • 399 black men with syphilis choosen for this study • Told they had “bad blood” • Government said they would monitor their health and give them care • Over 40 years they died off, given no treatment , besides a nurse visiting • Some nurses and doctors were black themselves • We apologized to the eight not dead under President Clinton (1997)

3. Scottsboro Boys- (March 1931) • Scottsboro, Alabama • Riding the rails (illegally jumped on trains); because homeless and unemployed • 9 black men and 2 white women • They start talking to each other; share alcohol • Cops find them so to cover up for riding the rails they say they were raped by the black men • Black men get charged for raping these women • NAACP and Communist Party get involved • Doesn’t end for six years • Some are sentenced to 20, 99, and 75 years • Charges dropped on 4 of them • One death sentence reduced to life in prison • By the 1950’s all of them are found not guilty and released

4. mariananderson • In 1939 one of the most famous opera singers was barred from singing in the constitution hall because she was black ( Marian Anderson) • Eleanor Roosevelt ( first lady), quits this organization, because they won’t let that women sing, so she sets up for her to sing at the Lincoln memorial steps

5. Causes of the depression • Causes of the Depression: • Buying more, but on credit • No social security / No unemployment options • Too much inventory in businesses • Labor units could not help/govt. stops strikes • Produce more than people were buying • Stock market crash • Banks were not well managed and speculated with citizens money • Stocks not regulated • Farming crisis- over production, credit, spent too much on technology

6. Definitions: • Hooverville- the nickname given to shantytowns in the United States during the Depression • Bonus Army- A group of veterans that made a month long march to Washington to lobby Congress to get their bonus early / denied • Dust bowl- the name given to the area of the southern Great Plains severely damaged by droughts and dust storms during the 1930’s • Brain Trust- It was Roosevelt’s advisers who were experts in their fields • Margin Buying- The buying of stocks only by paying a fraction of the price and borrowing the rest • The New Deal- Roosevelt’s policies for ending the Depression – Relief, recovery, and reform • Speculation- The act of buying stocks at great risk with the anticipation that the prices will rise • Black Tuesday- The day of October 29th, 1929; when the stock market took the steepest drive ever • Hobos- People who were homeless, that wonder around the country in search for a better life and better opportunities • Riding the Rails- Sneaking past railroad police to slip into open box cars on freight trains for a ride to another place

7. Chart 1 (PG 674) • Stock market helps Trigger Depression: • Bull market encouraged widespread speculation. • Many investors bought stocks on margin. • Sharp drop in market prices left investors in debt. • Bank closings left many in debt. • Underlying causes of Great Depression: • Overproduction and low interest rates • Uneven distribution of income, which led to low demand • Depressed farm sector • Weak international market with high tariffs

8. Chart 1 (pg 674 continued) • Downward Momentum of the Depression: • Low Sales • Job Layoffs • Less Income • Fewer Purchases • More Job Layoffs

9. Chart 2 (pg 702) Major new deal programs • Financial and Debt: • Emergency Banking Relief Act regulated banks. • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured bank deposits. • Farm Credit Administration refinanced farm mortgages. • Home Owners’ Loan Corporation financed homeowners’ mortgages. • Work and Relief: • Civilian Conservation Corps created forestry jobs for young men. • Federal Emergency Relief Administration funded city and state relief programs. • Public Works Administration created work programs to build public projects, such as roads, bridges, and schools.

10. Chart 2 (continued) • Agriculture and Industry: • Agricultural Adjustment Administration paid farmers to limit surplus production. • National Industrial Recovery Act limited industrial production and set prices. • National Labor Relations Act gave workers the right to organize unions and bargain collectively. • Tennessee Valley Authority financed rural electrification and helped develop the economy of a seven-state region. • Social “Safety Net”: • Social Security Act provided: • – income for elderly, handicapped, and unemployed. • – monthly retirement benefit for people over 65

11. Chart 3 (PG 687)

12. AMELIA EARHART • 1. At ten years of age, the young Amelia Earhart saw her first plane, which did not interest her at all, because it was not in good shape. • 2. Almost ten years later, when she attended a stunt flying exhibition, was the day she became interesting in flying. • 3. A pilot by the name of Frank Hawks gave Amelia her first plane ride, where she instantly knew that she had to fly. • 4. She was tom boy, who always liked a challange and she did things not many women would do. Including climbing different trees and shooting rats with a rifle. • 5. She took her first flying lesson after graduating form Hyde Park University and being a nurse aide for the military. • 6. Being a nurse aid helped her raise enough money to buy her first plane, which she decided to name Canary.

13. Amelia earhart (continued) 7. She set her first record by flying up 14,000 feet in that plane.  • 8. She received a phone call from a stranger, which she thought was a prank, but she was asked if she wanted to be the first women to fly over the Atlantic, but it would not happen till years later. • 9. There was a challenge to the flight though because three women who tried died. • 10. She worked on secret plans on how she would fly over the Atlantic and five years to the day after Charles Lindbergh flew, she took off. • 11. The weather was so icy and bad that it caused problems and it forced her to immediately land.

14. Amelia earhart (continued) • 12. The news spread globally and Earhart was given many awards for her intelligence, speed, daringness, and coordination. • 13. Her main goal to cross the Atlantic got pushed further and further back, but in the mean time she claimed more records such as being the first women to cross the pacific from Hawaii to California • 14. She made many attempts to make her goal but something always went wrong such as damaging her plane; but she was not one to give up and her her newest goal was to be the first women to fly around the world. • 15. Two U.S. ships burned every light on board for markers to light the way for her plane because the island was hard to locate because of its small size.

15. Amelia earhart(continued) • 16. When she landed in New Guinea and she was to leave for the island of Lae she decided to empty out any unneeded material in order to make room for extra fuel that was needed to make it to Lae. • 17. ITASCA radioed her but she could not hear the messages, and ITASCA never heard back from her and they assumed she had died because her plane was low on fuel. • 18. A light house, many streets, schools, and airports are named after her. • 19. Her awards and scholarships are given out every year. • 20. She may of not died on that day many say, but if so, she will always be in the peoples memories for her achievements as women of aviation. • The Earhart Family."Amelia Earhart". The Official Website. Retrieved 28 November 2009.<http://www.ameliaearhart.com/about/bio.html>.

16. Review multiple choice questions 1. _____was the nickname given to shantytowns in the United States during the Depression? •  A) Smallville • B) Hoover Village • C) Hoover Town • D) Hooverville (Correct) 2. What were three causes of the Depression? A) Taxes, no security, and disease • B) The President, war, and no food • C) People were buying more, labor unions were not helping, and the stock market • crash (Correct) • D) None of the Above 3. Who was the women who wasn't allowed to sing in the constitution hall? •  A) Eleanor Roosevelt • B) Marian Anderson (Correct) • C) Aretha Franklin • D) Susan B. Anthony 4. How long did the Scottsboro boys trial last? •  A) 6 years (Correct) • B) 4 days • C)2 years • D) There was never a trial

17. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (CONTINUED) • 5. How did the Stock market help trigger the Depression? • A) It made everyone rich • B) Banks closed leaving many in debt • C) Bull market encouraged widespread speculation • D) Both B and C (Correct) • 6. _____ was Roosevelt and his Advisers? • A) Brain guild • B) Trust Fund • C) Brain Trust (Correct) • D) None of the above • 7. Who rode the rails in March of 1931, and ended up put on trial for rape? • A) Scottsboro brothers • B) Scottsboro boys (Correct) • C) Scotts boys • D) Smithsboro boys

18. 8. On what day did the Stock market take a fall? • A) October 29th, 1929 • B) Black Tuesday • C) Black Friday • D) Both A and B (Correct) • 9. Who was the first women to fly an airplane across the atlantic Ocean? • A) Amelia Earhart (Correct) • B) Bessie Coleman • C) Mary McLeod Bethune • D) None of the above • 10. _____killed 391 black men from 1932 to 1972? • A) Stock market crash • B) Jaundice Experiment • C) Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment (Correct) • D) War

19. 11. What was the function of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)? • A) To regulate the stock market to avoid dishonest practices • B) They employed single men, ages 18-25, for natural resource conservation • (Correct) • C) They guaranteed bank deposits up to $ 2, 500 dollars • D) None of the above • 12. _____served as an ambulance driver in Italy during WW1, and was a conceptual writer of the era? • A) Edward Hopper • B) Teddy Roosevelt • C) William Faulkner • D) Ernest Hemingway (Correct) • 13. ______ suspended the antitrust laws and allowed business, labor, and government to cooperate in setting up voluntary rules for each industry? • A) National Industrial Recovery Act (Correct) • B)Agricultural Adjustment Administration • C) Public Works Administration • D) Civil Works Administration

20. 14. _____ bought mortgages of many homeowners who were behind in their payment, and provided debt relief? • A) Farm Credit Administration • B) Public Works Administration • C) Home Owners' Loan Corporation (Correct) • D) None of the above • 15. What was the purpose of the American Liberty League? • A) To organize opposition to the New Deal • B) To "teach the necessity of respect for the rights of person and property" • C) To pay for Roosevelt's programs • D) Both A and B (Correct) • 16. _____ became law in August 1935, to provide some security for the elderly and for unemployed workers? • A) Bonding arbitration • B) Social Security Act (Correct) • C) Deficit spending • D) None of the above

21. 17. _____ is sneaking past railroad police to slip into open box cars on freight trains for a ride to another place? • A) Riding the trains • B) Train hopping • C) Riding the rails (Correct) • D) Box car traveling 18. _____were people who were homeless, that wonder around the country in search for a better life and better opportunities? • A) Hobos (Correct) • B) Homeless • C) Poor class • D) Slaves 19. What were three things that were produced in this time period? • A) Boats, Trains, Bikes • B) The Model-T, Airplanes, Radio (Correct) • C) Trains, Banks, Scooters • D) None of the above 20. Who was Bessie Coleman? • A) A women of the National Women's Party • B) She was the first African American women to become a stunt pilot • C) She was the first African American women to receive a pilots license • D) Both B and C

22. REVIEW (PG 646) • Factors that led to the new consumer society in the U.S. during the 1920’s were? • Higher wages, shorter work days, easy consumer credit, in which they could borrow and go in to debt to buy new consumer goods. • Also the mass advertising that showed off manufactures inventions because they created appealing, persuasive messages that linked their clients’ products with qualities associated with the modern era. • Another was the managerial revolution when many industries had begun to create modern organizational structures such as sales, accounting, and operations. • Then there was the welfare capitalism where middle-class Americans were not the only members of the new consumer society. • Companies allowed workers to buy stock, participate in profit sharing, and receive benefits such as medical care and pensions.

23. Review (pg 646 continued) • How did the automobile impact American society? • It gave many middle-class Americans reliable cars. • They made it easier to transport things to someplace. • It opened the opportunities to open gas stations and garages. • It also eased isolation of rural life, putting towns with in reach of many farmers and also the country side was closer for city people. • They enabled workers to live farther from there work. • How did the U.S. government help spur the growth of the airline industry? • They inspired Americans to go up in the air. • They were used for joy rides and then as a transportation for mail. • It was a way to get to a distant place faster. • Government built airports

24. Review (pg 646 continued) Aviation Radio New Industries Automobile Consumer goods

25. Review (PG 650) • What were the efforts the U.S made to promote permanent peace and worldwide economic recovery? • The four-power treaty, which stated that the U.S., Great Britain, France, and Japan all agreed to respect the others territory in the Pacific and full, and open negotiations in the event of disagreements, which failed because the mutual defense of other cosigners not specified. • Another was the five-power treaty between U.S., Great Britain, France, Japan, and Italy, which signed to all agree to freeze naval production at 1921 levels and to halt production of large warships for ten years. Also the U.S. and Great Britain would not build new naval bases in the Western Pacific. Only problem was that there were no restrictions on the construction of smaller battle craft such as submarines and naval destroyers. Also it did not place restrictions on the ground forces. • The nine-power treaty, which involved the U.S., Great Britain, France, Japan, Italy, Belgium, China, the Netherlands, and Portugal, where they all agreed to preserve equal commercial rights to China, a restriction of the “ open door policy”.

26. Review continued • Kellogg-Briand Pact – signers would renounce war as a national policy • Dawes Plan – to help restructure Germany’s debt from WWI • Mellon Plan – trimming government spending • Lend-Lease – trading naval bases for destroyers

27. Review (pg 650 continued) • How were politics back then verse how politics are now? • Back then politics seemed more laid back and less structured than today tight structured politics. They are also meeting outside and if that were to happen today it would be dangerous because someone would most likely be assassinated. Also in the picture on of the men looks like he is laughing and today politics would not be a laughing matter but a series thing. Also now days there would be more people and more paparazzi then back then, because of the growing population and update in technology need for cameras and such.  

28. Hoover and Roosevelt • Republican presidents in the 1920's • - Hardy, Coolidge, and Hoover were all one term presidents • - They all believe in Laissez- Faire; which is no government regulation of industry or markets, government does not assist individuals • - All three presidents are classic republican idealists • - They believe that the government should protect you from the foreign government • - Pure capitalists; business should govern themselves /no govt. regulation

29. Hoover and Roosevelt (continued) • Hoover • - Elected for 4 year term • - His Father who was a Quaker dies and also his mother dies; there children were split up and Hoover ends up with his uncle. • - He earns a degree from Stanford as a civil engineer, then travels building airports, bridges and more • - While traveling he sees different tragedies including floods in Russia • - While in England during WW1 he hears of starving orphans, which immediately he tries to get every orphan out of Europe • - While in Mississippi there is a flood and he takes own time, money, and attention to take care of things • - When he becomes president everything changes and he does nothing to give relief to the people starving and job less • - Why isn't he a president that says the government needs to help the people? • -They have the opportunity but do not take it, because he is republican and he believes that everyone should take care of themselves or there family should take care of them • - He does try to assist some what, but by the time he does it's to late

30. Hoover and Roosevelt (continued) • - Bonus Army: In 1924 WWI veterans get promised that they would get a bonus, but have to wait for it until 1945. In 1932 group of veterans ask for their bonus, but congress tells them no, which leads to the pleading of there case in Washington. Hoover called to move them, which was heartless of him and it lead to the physical moving of the veterans by the army/ several injured • - The Dust Bowl: 2.5 million moved out of the Midwest ( called okies because they were from Oklahoma; They were poor, dusty, and had their stuff all tied to their car; The communities which they passed through were unfriendly as they looked for work, ended up in California picking crops). It affected 100 million acres of land. Many places were in a drought for forty years; The drought was caused because it was too dry. One dust storm took down five hundred and forty-six houses. People didn't know where to go from there. The Midwest long period drought was caused by: • - Being a dry place with periodic droughts/fragile environment • - We over planted from WW1 farm demands, and we increased the farm land • - They bought new technology on credit and more land

31. Hoover and Roosevelt (continued) • Franklin Delano Roosevelt • - Serves four terms as president, but dies after thirteen years in office • - After he dies we create the 22nd amendment • - He is a democrat and believes that welfare for individuals who is in need, regulation of industry, and government control of the economy • - He has a disease called polio that he got in his early forties when he was sailing. They told him that he would never walk or sit up again. • - He had an assistant the moved him from one place to another, but there was never a picture of him /no awkward pictures because he couldn't walk. • - He married his fifth cousin Eleanor Roosevelt

32. The new deal • The New deal- the program of Roosevelt to solve the depression through relief, recovery, and reform • Relief- to immediately feed and put people to work for a pay check • Would give you a job so you could get paid and be proud of yourself • Gave jobs to people with skills, many jobs given were ridiculous • Public Works- Benefits Americans • Recovery- to make sure the national economy gets better • Bank Holiday: So many banks had failed, that he asked every bank in the country to close for three days, at the end only those who thought they had enough money to re open, opened again. It was to stop the run on banks ( on one day everyone tried to get their money out, it was not there, tell everyone they want their money that is owed) • In 1932 banks failed a month • 1 in 4 businesses went bankrupt • 1 in 4 farmers had lost their farm by 1933 • In 1932 88 businesses failed a day in the U. S. • Earnings fell from 25 dollars to 17 dollars a week-1932 • In NY 500 jobs opened up , and 5,000 people stood in line for it • Reform- regulations placed so this will never happen again • Reform banking, social security, unemployment insurance, FDIC, stock market

33. The new deal (continued) • Depression from 1929- 1941 • No solution, or specific action to solve it, but WW2 employed everybody • Hoover and Roosevelt were complete opposites • This was the first time the government stepped in to help people with their daily lives • In Chicago teachers were not paid for 2 years • No benefits • Slept in coffins and on the streets • Killed themselves instead of starving • No food

34. The New deal (continued) • The Hundred Days • Roosevelt uncharacteristically passes many acts and executive actions • The Black Cabinet • A group of African American advisors to assist the president to make sure that African Americans were taken care of • Packing the court- • Roosevelt’s plan to add extra justices for every judge over 70. never happened but it stopped the court from declaring so much legislation unconstitutional

35. New deal continued • Fireside Chats- informal conversations on the radio by the president to tell the American people to not worry, everything will be alright

36. Critics of the new deal • Father Coughlin- radio priest who disliked Roosevelt • Huey Long – La. Senator who was very popular who wanted a “share our wealth” plan • Dr. Francis Townshend – pay elderly $200 a month and they would spend it and stimulate the economy

37. Labor issues in the 30s • CIO – Congress of Industrial Organizations founded in 1938 organized industrial workers who were unskilled • NLRA- called the Wagner Act guaranteed workers the right to organize and collective bargaining • Government discouraged strikes / sit down strike at General Motors new type of strike/ violence and GM recognized the union • Major industries such as steel allowed unions

38. Important women in the 1930s • Eleanor Roosevelt – 1st lady and worked for rights for coal miners, African Americans, and international peace (1st ambassador to UN) • Mary McLeod Bethune – improved education , presidential advisor, and Bethune Cookman University • Francis Perkins – 1st woman in Cabinet Dept. Of Labor/ social worker, designed Soc. Security & Fair Labor Standards • Bessie Coleman and Amelia Earhart – 1st women flyers

39. Continued women in 1930s • Dorothea Lange – photographed the Depression, esp. Dust Bowl / gave the Depression a face

40. References • Appleby.J.,Brinkley.A.,Broussard.A., McPherson.J.,& Richie.D.(2005)The American Vision. New York,NY. The McGraw-Hill. • Dr. Crihfield.”Public Lectures”. Retrieved the weeks November 2009 to December 2009. • Ashley, Profit. “Lecture on Hoover and Roosevelt from Dr. Crihfield”. Retrieved December 2009. (reworded it a little).