Agricultural research for food and nutrition security Helsinki 16 June, 2014 Sirkka Immonen

1. Agricultural research for food and nutrition securityHelsinki 16 June, 2014Sirkka Immonen

2. Presentation outline • Challenges to food and nutrition security • Dimensions of food security and CGIAR research context • Impact pathways to food security and nutrition security • Monitoring progress from research towards impact • Conclusions

3. Challenges to food security • Need for increased food production • Diminishing availability of and competition for natural resources • Climate change; variability and unpredictability • Access to land and tenure • Competing demands for food crops • Food price fluctuations • Loss and waste • Malnutrition • Changes in demographics )

4. Food security dimensions AVAILABILITY ACCESS UTILIZATION STABILITY Reference: FAO, IFAD and WFP. 2013. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2013. The multiple dimensions of food security.

5. CGIAR high level impact goals Poverty reduction Environmental sustainability Food Security Improved nutrition • Examples of linkages: • Calorie security is necessary for nutrition • Income may enhance nutritional quality of diets • Cognitive ability is needed for capitalizing on empowerment • Examples of trade-offs: • Differential effect of food prices on incomes of producers and consumers • Productivity in the short term may negatively affect resource sustainability in the long‐term Reference: CGIAR ISPC 2012: Strengthening Strategy and Results Framework through prioritization

6. Targeting food security International research Genetic resources ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS National res. Consumer effects Capacity building NARS Environmental externalities Impact on price market Policies New Germplasm Total production increase Adopters Seed sector, Extension Yield CGIAR Center Consumer price effects Dissemination Training Producer effects Incomes Mangt practices Knowledge on policy or social science ECONOMIC IMPACTS SOCIAL IMPACTS Adapted from Standing Panel on Impact Assessment, 2006

7. Targeting food security Addressing seasonal hunger Diversification of food sources Addressing poverty Addressing policies Photo: Michael Goodin Photo: WFP/Wagdi Othman

8. Environmental change: pathways for food security outcomes Environmental functions & services affected Linkages to food systems activities Impacts on food security outcomes Land use change • Availability: • Production Changes in agroecologies PRODUCTIVITY Stability Post-harvest losses Biodiversity loss/genetic erosion • Access: • Affordability Water shortage, fertility loss Prices Income Trade Heat, pest, disease stress Reference: Wood et al. 2012: Chapter 7 In Food security and global environmental change (Eds. Ingram et al.)

9. Pathways to improved nutrition Source of income Food prices Women’s control over resources Caloric, protein micro-nutrient intake Household income Food expenditure Nutritional status Participation in program Technology adoption Diet Women’s own nutrition and health Women’s time and caring practices Source of food Non-food spending Source: Patrick Webb, think piece to ISPC, 2012 (Masset et al. and IFPRI)

10. Targeting nutritional security Breeding & varietal development Investment & speculation Income Diabetes Education Labour Trade & regulation Culture Nutritional deficiencies Water availability Obesity Diet composition Advertising & promotion Husbandry techniques Industrial scale & concentration Consumer preferences Stunting Cancer Soils Agricultural production Processing Food consumption Nutrition and health outcomes Sanitary & phytosanitary standards Land use Cooking processes Climate change & carbon emissions Cardiovascular disease Bio-fortification Labour Development potential Access Product fortification Post-harvest processing Hygiene Seeds, veterinary & agrochemical inputs Infections Price Waste Transportation Wasting Source: Alan Dangour, LSHTM (ISPC 5th meeting 2012)

11. Strategies for improve nutrition • Biofortification Source: Wolfgang Pfeiffer, HarvestPlus, 2014

12. Strategies for improve nutrition • Diet diversity Source: Robert Mwadime, USAID (ISPC 7th meeting, 2013)

13. Fundamental complexities in theories of change

14. Measuring research progress and effectiveness • Monitoring for progress vs. for accountability • Evaluation provides analytical information on performance and likely effectiveness • Indicators for research results (within target domains) • Adoption of technologies • Genetic gain, yield • Water, fertilizer productivity • Change in pesticide use, post-harvest • Women’s empowerment • Farmer income • Consumption • Indicators for development • Hunger index • Poverty indicators • Anthropometric indicators • National consumption indicators • Share of food waste of food production • Change in forested area • Rural development indicators

15. Conclusions • Impacts require involvement of multiple actors and institutions; research is just a small part • Impacts require complementary investments • Impacts require coordinated action

16. Conclusions • Research is inherently risky and has a protracted and non-linear impact pathway • Research needs impact pathways towards defined objectives • Impact pathways must be updated and adjusted • Judging research performance requires evaluation, in addition to monitoring through realistic metrics/indicators