1 / 23

Agriculture – Specific issues

Agriculture – Specific issues. Data Day at the WTO. Tariffs. Overview. Agricultural trade is still dampen by tariff and non tariff barriers Agricultural tariffs 7 times higher than Non Ag. Combinations of border and non border measures Lack of transparency of many measures

candy
Download Presentation

Agriculture – Specific issues

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Agriculture – Specific issues Data Day at the WTO

  2. Tariffs

  3. Overview • Agricultural trade is still dampen by tariff and non tariff barriers • Agricultural tariffs 7 times higher than Non Ag. • Combinations of border and non border measures • Lack of transparency of many measures • Complex instruments • Weak notifications • Data sources: AMAD, IDB, MAcMap, MAcMapHS6, WTO notifications, National sources…

  4. Tariff variation • Numerous changes across time • Between years • Inside a given year • Seasonal protection • Challenge for the analysis: Calendar year versus Crop year • Endogeneity of tariff to price level • Target domestic price

  5. Illustration 2: Tariff volatility, the case of Wheat (EU)

  6. Specific tariffs, Unit values and AVE • Specific tariffs: 45% of agricultural protection • OECD countries • But… Reference price and ad valorem in developing countries • From price to unit value • Product heterogeneity • Different concepts of unit value • Official = Negotiation  Accessibility to information • Effective distortions = Economic impacts • Tariffs and Unit values: endogeneity problems • Lack of robustness of bilateral unit values • Unit value and preferences: who gets the rents? • Exchange rate, unit values and mechanical on AVE

  7. Illustration 1: unit value heterogeneity the case of Sugar (HS170111)

  8. More complex tools • Entry prices, additional duties… • Tariff rate quotas: tariffs, quantity, fill rates… • WTO and preferential • Bound and applied level • Multilateral and allocated • Allocation method • What’s happen really on the field? Need of a transparent database on licenses • Discretionary behavior • New quota • Assessing the real level of protection, rents etc. • New research initiatives

  9. Illustration 3: The role of TRQ in measuring protection Laborde (2008)

  10. Domestic support

  11. Subsidies • Domestic support • Notifications, box and coupling instruments • When notifications are not available: researchers come with their own: Improving WTO Transparency, Shadow Domestic Support Notifications Measurement Issues, IFPRI • Measurement of support: PSE of OECD • Export subsidies • Ad valorem / specific: level of subsidies and level of world prices • Export Credit, Food Aid • Public monopoly

  12. Illustration 4: AMS – product specific cap Two different provisions

  13. W T ORLD RADE G/AG/N/ country / number 1 7 March .... O RGANIZATION ( … ) Committee on Agriculture Original: English NOTIFICATION Illustration 4: AMS – product specific cap Supporting Table DS:4 Current total AMS for product x: 1,049 http://docsonline.wto.org/

  14. Other indicators

  15. Illustration 5: Special products

  16. Illustration 5: Special products – Contributions to calories intake • FAO provides data on the caloric intake in kcal by product • Data is available for 124 products at the level of the FAO classification • Example: Apples, Maize, Potatoes, Wheat, Sugar cane • There is no easy one-to-one match with the HS classification used in WTO: but a (complex) concordance table exists • Calculate share of contribution to total caloric intake for each product • If this share is higher than [10 %] the product contributes significantly to caloric intake AND is thus a candidate for SP

  17. Illustration 5: Special products – Contributions to calories intake Share of products that each contributes at least 10 per cent (5 per cent) to the total caloric intake; Based on products for which data are available; Data source: FAOstat

  18. Measuring impacts

  19. Illustration 6: Possible Change in World Prices from Doha Round Source: ATPSM simulation, UNCTAD

  20. Beyond agriculture • Agriculture, Poverty and Hunger • Agriculture, Redistribution and Stabilization • Agriculture and Climate Change • Agriculture and Energy: • Biofuels

  21. Data sources

  22. Data for agricultural trade

  23. Data Sources

More Related