Imperialism and Nation-State Formation

1. Key Concept 5.2 Imperialism and Nation-State Formation

2. Outline • What is imperialism? • Causes of imperialism • The Industrial Revolution • Nationalism • Economics • “The White Man’s Burden” • The Scramble for Africa • The British and Dutch in South Africa • The Belgians in the Congo • The French in West Africa • The Berlin West Africa Conference • Other Imperialist Colonies in Africa • Imperialism in Asia and the Pacific • The British in India • The Sepoy Mutiny • The British in Egypt • The French in Asia • Australia and New Zealand • U.S. Imperialism • Japanese Imperialism • US Influence • Meiji Restoration • The Rise of Japan as an Imperial Power • Russia, Eastern Europe, and Nationalism • Results of Western Imperialism • Africa • Asia • The Opium Wars • Reactions to Imperialism • Africa • Asia

3. The word was first used in the mid-nineteenth century to describe the web of transoceanic colonial empires that they had built beginning in 1870. • Refers to the European domination of other nations and cultures, however, other nations besides those in Europe also became imperialistic in the late nineteenth century. • The new meaning of colonization. • Global subjugation to European countries. What is imperialism?

4. Causes of Imperialism

5. European imperialism in Africa before the nineteenth century was limited • Lacked ability to travel into interior • Settlements remained in coastal territories • Dutch settled Cape Town, South Africain mid-seventeenth century • British came to South Africa in early nineteenth century but met with conflictfrom the Dutch • The Great Trek of the Boers • Boer War of 1899 to 1902 • Eventual creation of the Republic of Natal, the Orange Free State, and the South African Republic The Scramble for Africa

6. Belgians started the ‘scramble for Africa’ in the 1880s by grabbing the Congo in the heart of the continent • Henry Stanley claimed the Congo River Valley in 1879 • King Leopold II’s intentions • Became Belgian Congo in 1908 The Belgians in the Congo

7. Established trade port in present-day Senegal in 1659 • Never really involved in slave trade, just interested in trade with Africa • Expanded their rule during the imperialism fever across West Africa • French West Africa • French Equatorial Africa The French in West Africa

8. Rivalries were intense so fourteen European countries and the US met in Berlin to discuss the fate of Africa • Partitioned Africa into colonies • Any European nation could found a colony as long as they notified others of their intent • Effective occupation took precedent over history • No regard for African ethnic and cultural groups • Minimal infrastructure built by Europeans • Effects of European plantations and factories on African family life The Berlin West Africa Conference

9. Imperialist governments granted monopoly rights to various companies formed to develop regions of Africa • The British Royal Niger Company • German East Africa Company • Italian East African Empire • The Italian Benadir Company Other Imperialist Colonies in Africa

10. Imperialism in Asia and the Pacific • British influence in India began as a primarily economic interest • France lost the Seven Years War to the British in 1763, along with all of its North American and South Asian holdings • This allowed Britain to take control in India • Sepoys attracted to British army • Eventually India was the key source of raw materials and main colonial market for manufactured goods • Created a stratified society • Called their rule the raj and named Queen Victoria empress • Built basic infrastructure • The Sepoy Rebellion of 1857 • Chief cause of the mutiny was the animal fat cartridges for rifles • Nearly 90,000 troops involved • British eventually put down rebellion with help from Sikh and Gurkha forces, marking the last defeat of the Mughals • Indian National Congress created in 1885

11. Muhammad Ali’s revolt against the Ottoman overlords was not supported by European powers • Suez Canal made Egypt a competitive advantage for European powers • Sudanese rebels revolted against corruption under the leadership of Muhammad Achmad, ‘the Mahdi’ • British finally defeated the Mahdists, paving the way for domination of Africa The British in Egypt

12. The persecution of Christians in Vietnam led the French to take control of the country by 1887 • French Indochina included Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia The French in Asia

13. Australia called terra nullius, or land belonging to no one, by the British • Some convicted criminals had settled there in 1788 • By 1900 the aborigines had been pushed to reservations in the desert • Maori people of New Zealand were devastated by European disease, but fought a series of wars against the British from 1860-1864 Australia and New Zealand

14. Nationalism and the idea of manifest destiny played a key role in the expansion of the US • The Louisiana Purchase’s impact • The Treaty of Hidalgo gained Texas, California, and New Mexico • The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 put the Western Hemisphere under US control • Purchased Alaska in 1867 • Hawaii annexed in 1898 • Queen Lili’uokalani overthrown in 1893 • The easy defeat of the Spanish in 1899 added Cuba, Puerto, the Philippines, and Guam as US protectorates • Interests in Central America and the Caribbean to 1914 US Imperialism

15. US Influence in Japan • Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Japan in 1853 carrying a letter from President Fillmore requesting trading rights • The shogun agreed which led to rebellion • Tokugawa army defeated in 1869 Japanese Imperialism

16. Japanese Imperialism • Meiji Restoration • Mutsuhito called himself Meiji • Signed Five Charter Oath quickly after gaining control • The Meiji Constitution signed in 1890 • The restoration led to expansion • Expanded to islands to block Russian expansion • Started to move into Korea and had to engage China in a war • Beat the Chinese in five hours • Gained control of Taiwan, Pescadores Islands, and the Laiodong Peninsula • Russo-Japanese War of 1904 firmly established Korea as a Japanese territory

17. Russo-Turkish Wars lasted the better part of the nineteenth century • Bulgaria, Montenegro, Serbia, and Romania all gained independence as a result of these wars • Serbia’s pan-Slavic movement wanted to unite the Slavic peoples under the Austro-Hungarian Empire • Russia supported this movement in hopes of gaining control Russia, Eastern Europe, and Nationalism

18. Results of Western Imperialism • Africa • Effects of Berlin Conference • “white dominions” and settler colonies • Social efforts had mixed results • Native peoples and lands suffered • Literature • Asia • Variety of methods used to colonize Asia • Used ‘native’ forces to help maintain control • Missionary work not very successful • Literature • Most famous result of European imperialism is the Opium Wars

19. Initially, the Qings only allowed trade with Europe to happen in Canton and forbade opium trade. • The British ignored these laws and smuggled opium into China. • In 1839, the Qings burned several chests of opium in Canton and the British retaliated with force and defeated them by 1842. • The Treaty of Nanking ceded Hong Kong and opened their ports • A second Opium War broke out in 1856 and the Chinese were defeated by a joint French and British force • Treaty of Tientsin opened new ports and allowed foreigners with passports to travel to the Chinese interior • Missionaries allowed to come in to the country and US and Russia established their own trade agreements with China • These countries created ‘spheres of influence’ in China until the US decided to have an open-door policy with China The Opium Wars

20. Local Reactions to Imperialism • Africa • Reactions ranged from war to acceptance • Those who cooperated usually part of ruling families • Asia • Reactions ranged • Military resistance occurred in Afghanistan, the Philippines, and in China • The Taiping and Boxer Rebellions • Sepoy Mutiny • Examples of cooperation • Thailand