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Punctuation

Punctuation. End Notes. Periods Question Marks Exclamation Point. Semicolons. Use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses not joined by a conjunction. Clauses must directly relate to each other. My mother works in a school; she does not teach .

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Punctuation

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  1. Punctuation

  2. End Notes • Periods • Question Marks • Exclamation Point

  3. Semicolons • Use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses not joined by a conjunction. Clauses must directly relate to each other. • My mother works in a school; she does not teach. • Can also be used to separate clauses that are joined by a conjunctive adverb or transitional expression • A cloudless blue sky dawned that morning; nevertheless, rain was expected. • We needed to fit the whole family around the dinner table; as a result, Dad pulled out the extra leaf.

  4. Colon • Used mainly as an introductory device before a list • I bought my father several gifts: a shirt, a tie, and a pair of shorts. • Use to introduce a sentence that summarizes or explains the sentence before it. • His tuna casserole lacked one vital ingredient: He forgot the tuna! • Use to introduce a formal appositive that follows an independent clause. • I missed one important paragraph lesson: writing a topic sentence.

  5. Quotation Marks • Use to show a direct quotation • Joey said, “I love ham and cheese sandwiches in the morning!” • Use around titles of short works of literature (short stories, poems, etc.) • “Ambush” • “The Life You Save Could Be Your Own”

  6. Underlining • Underline long written works, such as books, plays, periodicals, newspapers, and long poems • The Jungle • The New York Times • Underline movies, t.v. shows, radio shows, paintings, sculptures, and other works of art • Underline the names of individual sea, space, and land craft • USS Alabama

  7. Dashes • Used to indicate an abrupt change in thought • I cannot believe I missed that test- oh, I don’t even want to think about it. • Used to set off interrupting ideas dramatically • The slam dunk-the most spectacular shot in basketball- makes a great addition to any highlight film. • To set off a summary statement • To see his jersey hanging from the rafters- this is his greatest dream.

  8. Parentheses • Used to set off asides and explanations when the information is not necessary. • Nancy perfected her passing (only after years of practice) and will now begin the year as the starting point guard. • Used to set off numerical expressions • John Smith (1875-1950) was a great teacher.

  9. Hyphens • Used to divide certain numbers and words • Ninety-nine • One-half • All-star • Senator-elect • Used in compound words • Well-prepared • Jet-propelled

  10. Apostrophe • Used to show possession • Add an ‘s to the end of singular nouns- dog’s; Sarah’s; James’s • Add an ‘ to show possession at the end of plural nouns that end in s or es- moths’; cats’ • Used in contraction • Used to show a missing letter or letters • Are not- aren’t • I am- I’m • ‘03

  11. Commas • With Compound Sentences • Used to separate two independent clauses • We read about Mexico, and then we wrote a report on it. • In A Series • Used to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses • I read the articles, extracts, and books for the final exam. • Mexico has been ruled by the Spanish, by the Mexicans, and by the French. • The bank filled quickly with people who transferred their accounts, who cashed checks, and who opened safe-deposit boxes.

  12. Commas (cont.) • Adjectives • Used to separate more than one adjective in a row that modify the same noun or pronoun • The country’s wild, beautiful scenery is an attraction for tourists. • Do not use on adjective that must stay in a specific order • In a few short hours, we will be finished.

  13. Commas (cont.) • Introductory Material • Used after an introductory word, phrase, or clause- something that is not necessary • No, I will not go to Mexico with you. • In the deep recesses of the couch, I found the watch that I had lost. • When the steaks were medium rare, we took them off the grill.

  14. Commas (cont.) • Parenthetical Statements • Used within a sentence to set off parenthetical statements (word or phrases that interrupts the general flow of the sentence). • Kim, in my opinion, is the best candidate for the job. • I know that you want to stay, Don, but you have to go home. • Nonessential Expression • Used within a sentence to set off nonessential expression • John, who is holding the book, is going on a trip to Mexico.

  15. Commas (the end) • Location • Used to separate a location with two or more parts • Atlanta, GA • Dates • Used to separate the different portions of a date • April 18, 2006 • Titles • Used to separate a name and a title that follows the name • I noticed that Jeremy McGuire, Sr., is a partner in this firm. • Addresses • Separate each part of an address • 1433 North Street, Hello, Nevada 13212

  16. Commas (really the end) • Salutations and Closings • Used after a salutation and closing in a letter • Dear Rupert, • Sincerely, • Numbers • Used after every third digit in a number with more than three digits • 1, 233, 890 • Quotations • Used to set off a quotation from the rest of the sentence • The guest asked, “Do you know of any nearby grocery stores that are open all night?” • Clarity • Used to help a sentence from being misunderstood • She studied French, as well as Mayan art.

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