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IPv4 and Subnetting

IPv4 and Subnetting. CIDR notation. Address class is no longer uniquely identifiable from the address We must find a way of telling routers the size of the network part of the address Done by including a number along with the network address E.g. 73.5.0.0/ 17

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IPv4 and Subnetting

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  1. IPv4 and Subnetting

  2. CIDR notation • Address class is no longer uniquely identifiable from the address • We must find a way of telling routers the size of the network part of the address • Done by including a number along with the network address • E.g. 73.5.0.0/ 17 • In the above example, the first 17 bits of the address are the network part • You can search for more example CIDR address blocks at http://www.arin.net

  3. CIDR notation • The CIDR notation will tell you how many IP addresses are available in that subnet.

  4. How does a company allocate a large pool of addresses? • Ex. UNCW has 152.20.0.0 / 16 which gives them a possible 65,536 IP addresses (2(32-16)) • Possible approach to assigning IP addresses: • As soon as a computer comes online, you can assign them the next IP address available. Workstation in Library Desktop in CIS Laptop in Union

  5. How does a company allocate a large pool of addresses? • Alternative Method: • Each college or building allocated a contiguous set of IP addresses Fisher Union 152.20.2.0 -152.20.2.255 Library 152.20.3.0 -152.20.3.255 CIS 152.20.1.0 -152.20.1.255 Laptop in Union Workstation in Library Desktop in CIS

  6. Subnetting and network structure • Each Ethernet is given a unique subnetwork ID • Enables broadcasting within the Ethernet • Each computer on the Ethernet must be part of thisnetwork • Subnetting enables the partition of a large address pool into multiple smaller blocks

  7. Subnets and IP Addresses What does UNCW’s IP Addresses look like?

  8. 3-part interpretation of IP addresses

  9. Subnets - How do you decide who gets what address? • Group of computers on the same LAN with IP numbers using the same prefix • Assigned addresses • For example: • Subnet 152.20.234.x • Computers in CIS labs (x is between 0 & 255) • Subnet 152.20.244.x & 152.20.196.x • Computers in CIS Offices (x is between 0 & 255) • Subnet 129.79.125.x • Computers in Cameron • Does anyone see a problem with the subnets above?

  10. CIS 152.20.244.X 172.20.101.X Library 172.20.104.X R R Address: 152.20.244.254 Address: 172.20.104.254 Address: 152.20.5.56 Cameron 172.20.102.X R R Psych 172.20.103.X R Address: 152.20.5.70 Campus BackboneAddress: 152.20.5.X Subnet: Example

  11. Basic Subnetting How do we create 2 subnets?

  12. Basic Subnetting How do we create 3 subnets?

  13. Basic Subnetting How do we create 4 subnets?

  14. Subnetting example • Consider an organization with a /16 network address block (131.247.0.0/ 16) • Most medium-large organizations fall in this category • Also, most State Universities • Say, after analysis, the organization settles on 5-bit subnet IDs

  15. Example with 5-bit subnet IDs

  16. Network ID + subnet ID for colleges in example

  17. Complete subnet addresses for colleges in example

  18. Subnet Masks • Used to make it easier to separate the subnet part of the address from the host part. • Example • Subnet: 149.61.10.x • Subnet mask: 255.255.255.000 or in binary 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 • Example • Subnets: 149.61.10.1-128, • Subnet mask 255.255.255.128 or, in binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000

  19. Subnet mask operation • What does a subnet mask do? • The 0’s in the subnet mask block (mask) the corresponding bits in any destination address • The 1’s in the subnet mask allow the corresponding bits to be seen • The Result is the subnet address

  20. How a network is setup for IP addresses Determine the Total Number of Hosts

  21. How a network is setup for IP addresses Determine the Number and Size of the Networks

  22. How a network is setup for IP addresses Allocating Addresses

  23. How a network is setup for IP addresses Allocating Addresses

  24. How a network is setup for IP addresses • Within the address range of each IPv4 network, we have three types of addresses: • Network address - The address by which we refer to the network • Broadcast address - A special address used to send data to all hosts in the network • Host addresses - The addresses assigned to the end devices in the network

  25. Case study – networks in the retail sector • Both Wal-Mart and K-Mart started in 1962 • K-Mart grew rapidly at first • 250 stores in 1967, compared to 18 Wal-Marts • Each K-Mart store had 6 times the revenue of a Wal-Mart store • 2002 • K-Mart filed for bankruptcy • For the first time, Wal-Mart was the largest company in America by revenue

  26. Among other factors • Wal-Mart relied on IT • First computer network using phone lines in 1977 • To improve inventory refills • Satellite network in 1987 • Cut credit card processing time by half • EDI, RetailLink • K-Mart relied on managerial expertise • Used spreadsheets to track supply and demand

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